Atrofia Muscular Espinhal: Análise Descritiva de Uma Série de Casos

Introdução: A Atrofia Muscular Espinhal (AME) é o nome dado a uma doença neuromuscular específica caracterizada pela degeneração dos neurónios motores medulares, condicionando atrofia e fraqueza muscular progressivas. É determinada pela alteração do gene Survival Motor Neuron-1 (SMN1), localizado no braço longo do cromossoma cinco. Uma cópia quase idêntica do gene SMN1, chamada SMN2, modula a gravidade da doença. A AME repercute-se a nível de vários órgãos e sistemas, envolvendo frequentemente os sistemas respiratório, osteoarticular e gastrintestinal. Estão descritos vários subtipos da doença, com base quer na idade do início dos sintomas quer na máxima aquisição motora alcançada. Objectivos: Estudar a população de doentes com o diagnóstico de AME (clínico e/ou genético) seguida na Consulta de Medicina Física e de Reabilitação (CMFR) do Hospital de Dona Estefânia (HDE) em Lisboa, no período de Janeiro de 2007 a Outubro de 2009. Métodos: Estudo retrospectivo com análise de parâmetros sócio-demográficos, clínica, exames complementares de diagnóstico, evolução e complicações da doença. Resultados e Discussão: A casuística é constituída por doze doentes, com idades compreendidas entre os 0 meses e os 21 anos de idade, tendo sete o diagnóstico de AME I, um AME II equatro o diagnóstico de AME tipo III. Verificou-se que a gravidade da doença era inversamente proporcional à idade no início dos sintomas e à função motora máxima atingida pelo indivíduo durante o seu desenvolvimento. Todos os doentes apresentaram infecções respiratórias recorrentes e nos óbitos ocorridos, verificou-se como causa de morte a insuficiência respiratória, complicada de paragem cardio-respiratória. As principais complicações ortopédicas foram o desenvolvimento de contracturas articulares das grandes articulações dos membros inferiores, bem como o desenvolvimento de escoliose. A disfagia foi a principal complicação gastrenterológica. Conclusão: A não aquisição de etapas do desenvolvimento motor está correlacionada com um agravamento do prognóstico funcional e vital.

Tranexamic Acid for Major Spinal Surgery in Children. A Retrospective Study

Introduction: Paediatric patients who undergo posterior spinal fusion surgery to correct scoliosis often require multiple blood transfusions. Tranexamic acid is a synthetic antifibrinolytic drug that reduces transfusion requirements in scoliosis surgery (1),(2),(3). Methods: To evaluate the efficacy of prophylactic tranexamic acid (TA) (initial dose of 10mg/kg and infusion of 1mg.kg(-1).h(-1)) in reducing perioperative blood transfusion requirements, we reviewed patients files and compared the amount of blood lost and blood transfused in the perioperative period of 12 patients (54.5%) that received TA and 10 patients (45.5%) who did not received TA. T-Student test was applied. Results: The average difference of blood losses (2,67 +/- 6,06ml) and blood transfused (212,9 +/- 101,1ml) between the two groups was not statistically significant (p>0.05). No thrombotic complications were detected in either group. Discussion: Results of the current study showed that prophylactic low dose of TA did not have a significant effect in the management of intraoperative blood loss and transfusion requirements in children undergoing scoliosis surgery. It is important to emphasize that our study is retrospective and that the size of the sample is small. Further studies are needed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of TA on paediatric scoliosis surgery.

Fractures in Children and Adolescents with Spina Bifida: The Experience of a Portuguese Tertiary-Care Hospital

AIM: The morbidity associated with osteoporosis and fractures in children and adolescents with spina bifida highlights the importance of osteoporosis prevention and treatment in these patients. The aim of this study was to examine the occurrence and pattern of bone fractures in paediatric patients with spina bifida. METHOD: We reviewed the data of all paediatric patients with spina bifida who were treated in our centre between 1999 and 2008. RESULTS: One hundred and thirteen patients were included in the study (63 females, 50 males; mean age 10y 8mo, SD 4y 10mo, range 6mo-18y). The motor levels were thoracic in six, upper lumbar in 22, lower lumbar in 42, and sacral in 43 patients. Of the 113 patients, 58 (51.3%) had shunted hydrocephalus. Thirty-six (31.8%) were non-ambulatory (wheelchair-dependent [unable to self-propel wheelchair] n=3, wheelchair-independent [able to self-propel wheelchair] n=33), 13 were partial ambulators, 61 were full ambulators, and three were below the age of walking. Forty-five fractures were reported in 25 patients. The distal femur was the most common fracture site. Statistical analyses showed that patients with higher levels of involvement and in wheelchairs had a significantly increased risk of having a [corrected] fracture (p<0.001). Spontaneous fractures were the principal mechanism of injury, and an association was identified between fracture mechanism, type of ambulation, and lesion level: the fractures of patients with higher levels of motor functioning and those in wheelchairs were mainly pathological (p=0.01). We identified an association between risk of a second fracture, higher motor level lesion, and non-ambulation. There was an increased risk of having a second fracture after a previous spontaneous fracture (p=0.004). INTERPRETATION: Data in this study indicate a high prevalence of fractures in patients with spina bifida.