Coarctação Isolada da Aorta: Experiência em 100 Doentes Consecutivos

INTRODUCTION: Coarctation of the aorta (CoA) is a stenosis usually located in the descending aorta. Treatment consists of surgical or percutaneous removal of the obstruction and presents excellent immediate results but significant residual problems often persist. OBJECTIVES: To describe the presentation, treatment and long-term evolution of a population of 100 unselected consecutive patients with isolated CoA in a single pediatric cardiology center. METHODS: This was a retrospective study of all patients with isolated CoA treated during4 the last 21 years (1987-2008). RESULTS: The patients (n=100, 68.3% male) were diagnosed at a median age of 94 days (1 day to 16 years). The clinical presentation differed between patients aged less or more than one year, the former presenting with heart failure and the latter being asymptomatic with evidence of hypertension (88 and 63%, respectively; p < 0.01). Treatment, a median of 8 days after diagnosis, was surgical in 79 cases (20 end-to-end anastomosis, 31 subclavian flap, 28 patch) and percutaneous in the remaining 21 (15 balloon angioplasty, 6 with stenting). The mean age of surgical patients was younger than in those treated percutaneously (3.4 vs. 7.5 years; p < 0.01). Immediate mortality was 2% and occurred in the surgical group. There was no late mortality, in a mean follow-up of 7.2 +/- 5.4 years. Recoarctation occurred in 8 patients (6 surgical, 2 percutaneous). There are 46 patients who currently have hypertension (19 at rest, 27 with effort), their median age at diagnosis being older than the others (23 vs. 995 days; p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Isolated CoA has an excellent short-term prognosis but a significant incidence of long-term complications, and should thus no longer be seen as a simple obstruction in the descending aorta, but rather as a complex pathology that requires careful follow-up after treatment. Its potentially insidious presentation requires a high level of clinical suspicion, femoral pulse palpation during physical examination of newborns and older children being particularly important. Delay in treatment has an impact on late morbidity and mortality. Taking into account the data currently available on late and immediate results, the final choice of therapeutic technique depends on the patient's age, associated lesions and the experience of the medical-surgical team. Hypertension should be closely monitored in the follow-up of these patients, as well as its risk factors and complications.

Tratamento de Sequelas de Osteomielite Crónica dos Ossos Longos na População Pediátrica

Introdução: A osteomielite crónica leva a uma alteração do padrão de crescimento ósseo da criança, não só pela doença em si, como pelos procedimentos efectuados para o seu tratamento. O objectivo deste trabalho é descrever as deformidades encontradas, o tratamento realizado e resultados obtidos, numa população de crianças com osteomielite crónica. Material e Métodos: Foram revistos os casos de crianças com sequelas de osteomielite crónica dos ossos longos tratadas na nossa instituição entre 2008 e 2011, utilizando fixadores externos. Num total de 6 doentes, (7 ossos), 3 apresentavam sequelas a nível da tíbia e 2 do fémur e 1 na tíbia e fémur. O tempo médio decorrido entre o episódio de osteomielite e a correcção da sequela foi de 10 anos. Em 3 doentes(4 ossos) a deformidade era uma hipometria do membro afectado (Grupo 1), em 2 casos tratava-se de um desvio axial (Grupo 2) e num dos casos tratava-se de uma hipometria com desvio axial associado (Grupo 3). As dificuldades encontradas durante o tratamento foram classificadas segundo Paley (problemas, obstáculos, complicações) Resultados: No Grupo 1 foram realizadas 5 cirurgias. Procedeu-se a correcção da deformidade realizando um alongamentocom fixador circular (4 cirurgias) ou fixador monolateral (1 cirurgia). Foi possível alongar em média 52mm, com um índice de alongamento de 4,7 dias/mm, a taxa de dificuldades foi de 100%(4 problemas e 1 obstáculo). Foi possível obter uma correcção satisfatória em 2 casos. No Grupo 2 foram realizadas 3 cirurgias. Procedeu-se a correcção da deformidade por osteotomia e osteotaxia com fixador externo circular. A correcção angular foi em média 23º e o tempo de fixador foi em média 187 dias, a taxa de dificuldades foi de 33%(1 obstáculo). Foi possível obter uma correcção satisfatória nos dois casos. No Grupo 3 foi realizada 1 cirurgia. Procedeu‐se à ressecção do sequestro e transporte ósseo com fixador externo circular. O índice de alongamento foi de 3,5dias/mm, a taxa de dificuldades foi de 200%(2 complicações). Obteve-se uma correcção satisfatória da deformidade. Discussão: O número limitado de casos deve-se a estarmos a analisar apenas os doentes que foram tratados com fixadores externos, doentes que à partida apresentava sequelas mais graves da osteomielite, que impediam a utilização de outras técnicas. A alta taxa de dificuldades poderá ser explicada pela complexidade das deformidades e por reactivações da osteomielite crónica. Conclusão: Conclui-se que o tratamento das sequelas da osteomielite na população pediátrica é um desafio, quer para o ortopedista, devido à complexidade da cirurgia a realizar, quer para o doente, devido ao tempo de utilização de fixadores externos e à elevada taxa de dificuldades. Estes aspectos do tratamento devem ser explicados ao doente e familiares, antes de realizar qualquer intervenção, para não criar expectativas irrealistas quanto à duração, intercorrências e resultado final.

Differential Internalization of Amphotericin B - Conjugated Nanoparticles in Human Cells and the Expression of Heat Shock Protein 70

Although a variety of nanoparticles (NPs) functionalized with amphotericin B, an antifungal agent widely used in the clinic, have been studied in the last years their cytotoxicity profile remains elusive. Here we show that human endothelial cells take up high amounts of silica nanoparticles (SNPs) conjugated with amphotericin B (AmB) (SNP-AmB) (65.4 12.4 pg of Si per cell) through macropinocytosis while human fibroblasts internalize relatively low amounts (2.3 0.4 pg of Si per cell) because of their low capacity for macropinocytosis. We further show that concentrations of SNP-AmB and SNP up to 400 mg/mL do not substantially affect fibroblasts. In contrast, endothelial cells are sensitive to low concentrations of NPs (above 10 mg/mL), in particular to SNP-AmB. This is because of their capacity to internalize high concentration of NPs and high sensitivity of their membrane to the effects of AmB. Low-moderate concentrations of SNP-AmB (up to 100 mg/mL) induce the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), LDH release, high expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines (IL-8, IL-6, G-CSF, CCL4, IL-1b and CSF2) and high expression of heat shock proteins (HSPs) at gene and protein levels. High concentrations of SNP-AmB (above 100 ug/mL) disturb membrane integrity and kill rapidly human cells(60% after 5 h). This effect is higher in SNP-AmB than in SNP.

Decreasing Incidence and Changes in Serotype Distribution of Invasive Pneumococcal Disease in Persons Aged Under 18 Years Since Introduction of 10-Valent and 13-Valent Conjugate Vaccines in Portugal, July 2008 to June 2012

The 10-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV10) became available in Portugal in mid-2009 and the 13-valent vaccine (PCV13) in early 2010. The incidence of invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) in patients aged under 18 years decreased from 8.19 cases per 100,000 in 2008–09 to 4.52/100,000 in 2011–12. However, IPD incidence due to the serotypes included in the 7-valent conjugate vaccine (PCV7) in children aged under two years remained constant. This fall resulted from significant decreases in the number of cases due to: (i) the additional serotypes included in PCV10 and PCV13 (1, 5, 7F; from 37.6% to 20.6%), particularly serotype 1 in older children; and (ii) the additional serotypes included in PCV13 (3, 6A, 19A; from 31.6% to 16.2%), particularly serotype 19A in younger children. The decrease in serotype 19A before vaccination indicates that it was not triggered by PCV13 administration. The decrease of serotype 1 in all groups, concomitant with the introduction of PCV10, is also unlikely to have been triggered by vaccination, although PCVs may have intensified and supported these trends. PCV13 serotypes remain major causes of IPD, accounting for 63.2% of isolates recovered in Portugal in 2011–12, highlighting the potential role of enhanced vaccination in reducing paediatric IPD in Portugal.