Classificação Internacional de Funcionalidade (CIF): Conceitos, Preconceitos e Paradigmas. Contributo de um Construto para o Percurso Real em Meio Natural de Vida.

A autora aborda o historial, génese e objectivos da Classificação Internacional de Funcionalidade para crianças e jovens, implementada pela Organização Mundial de Saúdeem 2007. Sublinha o papel de complementaridadade da CIF relativamente a outras classificações como a Classificação Internacional de Doenças (CID), em que a primeira visa caracterizar as capacidades e dificuldades de crianças e jovens com deficiência, ou seja, caracterizar do ponto de vista funcional cada criança e jovem, independentemente do diagnóstico etiológico médico. Trata-se da mudança de paradigma bio-médico para a do indivíduo que apresenta determinadas competências e dificuldades, em que estas últimas são definidas em função do ambiente – facilitador ou actuando como barreira. Assim, é dado enfoque ao ambiente para que este seja modificado transformando os factores que actuam como barreira em facilitadores, que anulem ou atenuem as dificuldades. Sendo a deficiência e ou doença uma experiência universal, a CIF vem colmatar uma importante lacuna na dificuldade de comunicação e articulação entre os diversos actores intervenientes no apoio socio educativo e médico destas crianças,criando uma linguagem acessível aos técnicos envolvidos – educadores, terapeutas e outros profissionais ligados à infância, por força envolvidos, dando uma maior ênfase à interacção criança/meio numa perspectiva holística de bem estar bio-psico-social.

Regulatory Cells, Cytokine Pattern and Clinical Risk Factors for Asthma in Infants and Young Children with Recurrent Wheeze

Several risk factors for asthma have been identified in infants and young children with recurrent wheeze. However, published literature has reported contradictory findings regarding the underlying immunological mechanisms. OBJECTIVES: This study was designed to assess and compare the immunological status during the first 2 years in steroid-naive young children with >or= three episodes of physician-confirmed wheeze (n=50), with and without clinical risk factors for developing subsequent asthma (i.e. parental asthma or a personal history of eczema and/or two of the following: wheezing without colds, a personal history of allergic rhinitis and peripheral blood eosinophilia >4%), with age-matched healthy controls (n=30). METHODS: Peripheral blood CD4(+)CD25(+) and CD4(+)CD25(high) T cells and their cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated antigen-4 (CTLA-4), GITR and Foxp3 expression were analysed by flow cytometry. Cytokine (IFN-gamma, TGF-beta and IL-10), CTLA-4 and Foxp3 mRNA expression were evaluated (real-time PCR) after peripheral blood mononuclear cell stimulation with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) (24 h) and house dust mite (HDM) extracts (7th day). RESULTS: Flow cytometry results showed a significant reduction in the absolute number of CD4(+)CD25(high) and the absolute and percentage numbers of CD4(+)CD25(+)CTLA-4(+) in wheezy children compared with healthy controls. Wheezy children at a high risk of developing asthma had a significantly lower absolute number of CD4(+)CD25(+) (P=0.01) and CD4(+)CD25(high) (P=0.04), compared with those at a low risk. After PMA stimulation, CTLA-4 (P=0.03) and Foxp3 (P=0.02) expression was diminished in wheezy children compared with the healthy children. After HDM stimulation, CTLA-4 (P=0.03) and IFN-gamma (P=0.04) expression was diminished in wheezy children compared with healthy children. High-risk children had lower expression of IFN-gamma (P=0.03) compared with low-risk and healthy children and lower expression of CTLA-4 (P=0.01) compared with healthy children. CONCLUSIONS: Although our findings suggest that some immunological parameters are impaired in children with recurrent wheeze, particularly with a high risk for asthma, further studies are needed in order to assess their potential as surrogate predictor factors for asthma in early life.