Brachial Plexus Morphology and Vascular Supply in the Wistar Rat

Introduction: The rat is probably the animal species most widely used in experimental studies on nerve repair. The aim of this work was to contribute to a better understanding of the morphology and blood supply of the rat brachial plexus. Material and Methods: Thirty adult rats were studied regarding brachial plexus morphology and blood supply. Intravascular injection and dissection under an operating microscope, as well as light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy techniques were used to define the microanatomy of the rat brachial plexus and its vessels. Results: The rat brachial plexus was slightly different from the human brachial plexus. The arterial and venous supply to the brachial plexus plexus was derived directly or indirectly from neighboring vessels. These vessels formed dense and interconnected plexuses in the epineurium, perineurium, and endoneurium. Several brachial plexus components were accompanied for a relatively long portion of their length by large and constant blood vessels that supplied their epineural plexus, making it possible to raise these nerves as flaps. Discussion: The blood supply to the rat brachial plexus is not very different from that reported in humans, making the rat a useful animal model for the experimental study of peripheral nerve pathophysiology and treatment. Conclusion: Our results support the homology between the rat and the human brachial plexus in terms of morphology and blood supply. This work suggests that several components of the rat brachial plexus can be used as nerve flaps, including predominantly motor, sensory or mixed nerve fibers. This information may facilitate new experimental procedures in this animal model.

Asma no Jovem Desportista: Avaliação no Laboratório de Função Respiratória

Criança de 12 anos de idade, do sexo masculino, com asma desde os primeiros anos de vida, controlada com evicção alergénica e corticoterapia inalada. Aos 10 anos de idade, após inicio de actividade desportiva mais intensa(futebol), verifica-se a ocorrência de broncoconstrição induzida pelo esforço, limitando a sua performance. Efectuou prova de esforço que se revelou positiva, com reduzido VEMS basal de 53%; instituiu-se um novo esquema terapêutico. Após 6 meses, embora referindo melhoria, mantinha queixas significativas durante a prática desportiva, revelando no entanto uma prova de esforço modestamente positiva (redução do VEMS de 12%). Efectuado novo ajuste do tratamento, após 6 meses houve regressão total das queixas de esforço, com negativação da prova de esforço. Mantém-se sem queixas, cumprindo o seu programa desportivo (treinos e jogos).

Perturbações do Comportamento e Perturbação de Hiperactividade com Défice de Atenção: Diagnóstico e Intervenção nos Cuidados de Saúde Primários

As Perturbações do Comportamento e a Perturbação de Hiperactividade com Défice da Atenção são as formas mais comuns de psicopatologia na infância e na adolescência. Neste artigo são abordados sucintamente os aspectos inerentes ao seu manejo nos Cuidados de Saúde Primários, nomeadamente o seu diagnóstico, epidemiologia, factores de risco e protecção, avaliação clínica, comorbilidades, diagnóstico diferencial, prognóstico e estratégias de intervenção.

Invasive Assessment of the Coronary Microcirculation Using the Index of Microcirculatory Resistance: Description and Validation of an Animal Model

INTRODUCTION: The index of microcirculatory resistance (IMR) enables/provides quantitative, invasive, and real-time assessment of coronary microcirculation status. AIMS: The primary aim of this study was to validate the assessment of IMR in a large animal model, and the secondary aim was to compare two doses of intracoronary papaverine, 5 and 10 mg, for induction of maximal hyperemia and its evolution over time. METHODS: Measurements of IMR were performed in eight pigs. Mean distal pressure (Pd) and mean transit time (Tmn) were measured at rest and at maximal hyperemia induced with intracoronary papaverine, 5 and 10 mg, and after 2, 5, 8 and 10 minutes. Disruption of the microcirculation was achieved by selective injection of 40-μm microspheres via a microcatheter in the left anterior descending artery. RESULTS: In each animal 14 IMR measurements were made. There were no differences between the two doses of papaverine regarding Pd response and IMR values - 11 ± 4.5 U with 5 mg and 10.6 ± 3 U with 10 mg (p=0.612). The evolution of IMR over time was also similar with the two doses, with significant differences from resting values disappearing after five minutes of intracoronary papaverine administration. IMR increased with disrupted microcirculation in all animals (41 ± 16 U, p=0.001). CONCLUSIONS: IMR provides invasive and real-time assessment of coronary microcirculation. Disruption of the microvascular bed is associated with a significant increase in IMR. A 5-mg dose of intracoronary papaverine is as effective as a 10-mg dose in inducing maximal hyperemia. After five minutes of papaverine administration there is no significant difference from resting hemodynamic status.