Decreasing Incidence and Changes in Serotype Distribution of Invasive Pneumococcal Disease in Persons Aged Under 18 Years Since Introduction of 10-Valent and 13-Valent Conjugate Vaccines in Portugal, July 2008 to June 2012

The 10-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV10) became available in Portugal in mid-2009 and the 13-valent vaccine (PCV13) in early 2010. The incidence of invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) in patients aged under 18 years decreased from 8.19 cases per 100,000 in 2008–09 to 4.52/100,000 in 2011–12. However, IPD incidence due to the serotypes included in the 7-valent conjugate vaccine (PCV7) in children aged under two years remained constant. This fall resulted from significant decreases in the number of cases due to: (i) the additional serotypes included in PCV10 and PCV13 (1, 5, 7F; from 37.6% to 20.6%), particularly serotype 1 in older children; and (ii) the additional serotypes included in PCV13 (3, 6A, 19A; from 31.6% to 16.2%), particularly serotype 19A in younger children. The decrease in serotype 19A before vaccination indicates that it was not triggered by PCV13 administration. The decrease of serotype 1 in all groups, concomitant with the introduction of PCV10, is also unlikely to have been triggered by vaccination, although PCVs may have intensified and supported these trends. PCV13 serotypes remain major causes of IPD, accounting for 63.2% of isolates recovered in Portugal in 2011–12, highlighting the potential role of enhanced vaccination in reducing paediatric IPD in Portugal.

Novas Vacinas

Introdução: As vacinas previnem mais casos de doença do que qualquer tratamento médico. A informação sobre novas vacinas introduzidas no mercado e não incluídas no Programa Nacional de Vacinação (PNV) é no entanto por vezes pouco divulgada, e o seu conhecimento limitado. Objectivos: Avaliar o conhecimento, geral e específico, dos pais de crianças saudáveis relativamente a três vacinas não incluídas no PNV: pneumocócica (PCV7), varicela (Var) e rotavírus (RV). Material e Métodos: Estudo descritivo transversal, realizado sob a forma de inquérito, aplicado de forma aleatória aos pais de crianças observadas em três centros de saúde de Portugal (Lisboa, Porto e Queluz), entre Março e Abril de 2007. Analisaram-se parâmetros sociodemográficos, grau de conhecimento (a existência e tipo de doença prevenível pelas as três vacinas), sua realização ou intenção de realização e disponibilidade de aquisição das mesmas por parte dos pais. Análise estatística pelos testes Qui-quadrado e t-Student (IC>95%). Considerou-se p <0,05 com significado estatístico. Resultados: Entrevistaram-se pais de 187 crianças com uma idade mediana de 13 meses. A maioria (82%) tinha ensino secundário incompleto e rendimento mensal médio de 1256€. Em 83% das entrevistas os pais conheciam pelo menos uma das vacinas: pneumocócica (72%), varicela (42%) e rotavírus (1,3%) e pela mesma ordem o tipo de doença que cada vacina prevenia: 118/135 (87%), 83/84 (99%) e 21/24 (87,5%). Em 80% dos casos a informação fora disponibilizada aos pais por profissionais de saúde: pediatra (67) e médico assistente (49). A maioria (96%) considerou a PCV7 a vacina mais importante. Das crianças avaliadas, o PNV estava actualizado em 93% dos casos; adicionalmente 39% tinham a vacina pneumocócica, 0,5% da varicela e 3% do rotavírus. O conhecimento sobre a vacina da varicela e rotavírus associou-se a um maior nível de escolaridade dos pais(40vs46,p=0,018; 8vs16,p=0,026) e a realização da vacina pneumocócica e do rotavírus a um melhor rendimento familiar (1506€vs1144€ p=0,04) e (2283€vs1162€; p=0,04). Conclusão: Á excepção da PCV7 as restantes vacinas são ainda insuficientemente conhecidas. Compete aos profissionais de saúde, divulgar informação e motivar as famílias para a vacinação.

Recommendations for Vaccination in Adult Patients with Systemic Inflammatory Rheumatic Diseases from the Portuguese Society of Rheumatology

Serious infections are a major cause of morbidity and mortality in systemic inflammatory rheumatic disease (SIRD) patients. Although vaccination may prevent numerous infections, vaccination uptake rates are low in this group of patients. OBJECTIVES: To develop evidence-based recommendations for vaccination in SIRD patients. METHODS: We searched MEDLINE (until 31 October 2014) and EMBASE (until 14 December 2014) databases, as well as the ACR and EULAR congress abstracts (2011-2014). Patients with any systemic inflammatory rheumatic disease were included and all vaccines were considered. Any safety and efficacy outcomes were admitted. Search results were submitted to title and abstract selection, followed by detailed review of suitable studies. Data were subsequently pooled according to the type of vaccine and the SIRD considered. Results were presented and discussed by a multidisciplinary panel and systematic literature review (SLR)-derived recommendations were voted according to the Delphi method. The level of agreement among rheumatologists was assessed using an online survey. RESULTS: Eight general and seven vaccine-specific recommendations were formulated. Briefly, immunization status should routinely be assessed in all SIRD patients. The National Vaccination Program should be followed and some additional vaccines are recommended. To maximize the efficacy of vaccination, vaccines should preferably be administered 4 weeks before starting immunosuppression or, if possible when disease activity is controlled. Non-live vaccines are safe in SIRD, including immunosuppressed patients. The safety of live attenuated vaccines in immunosuppressed patients deserves further ascertainment, but might be considered in particular situations. DISCUSSION: The present recommendations combine scientific evidence with the multidisciplinary expertise of our taskforce panel and attained desirable agreement among Portuguese rheumatologists. Vaccination recommendations need to be updated on a regular basis, as more scientific data regarding vaccination efficacy and safety, emergent infectious threats, new vaccines as well as new immunomodulatory therapies become available.