Terapêutica Redutora Intensiva do Colesterol: a Certeza da Segurança

A terapêutica antidislipidémica redutora do colesterol é um paradigma da melhor aplicação da evidência científica na prática clínica. Face às opções disponíveis, é fundamental que as estatinas tenham um perfil claro de segurança e tolerabilidade e uma relação de benefícios e risco favorável. A terapêutica intensiva do colesterol não está associada a consequências deletérias, dependentes da maior eficácia, ou a efeitos laterais graves. As estatinas não são hepatotóxicas. A flutuação enzimática é um fenómeno corrente na dislipidemia. O risco de aumento das transamínases está directa e intimamente relacionada com a dose (e com o tipo de estatina usada). Alterações pouco importantes do perfil hepático basal não são uma contra-indicação ao seu uso (doentes com um risco cardiovascular justificável). A monitorização iterada do perfil hepático não está justificada. A causa da miotoxicidade com as estatinas não está devidamente esclarecida. O risco de miopatia ou rabdomiólise não tem relação com a redução percentual ou absoluta do LDL-C (nem com o valor de LDL-C alcançado). Os efeitos adversos das estatinas podem depender das características físico-químicas da molécula e das suas características farmacocinéticas. Numa estratégia de farmacovigilância, o doente tem também uma palavra. A partilha de propósitos obriga o doente a responsabilidades partilhadas com a sua Equipa de Saúde, motivadoras de tratamentos mais seguros e de melhor prevenção cardiovascular. Aperfeiçoar o ingresso em programas de Saúde de qualidade e aprimorar o tratamento e os objectivos alcançados são as razões que devem fundamentar a terapêutica e a redução efectiva intensiva das dislipidemias.

American Society of Anesthesiologists Score: Still Useful After 60 Years? Results of the EuSOS Study

OBJECTIVE: The European Surgical Outcomes Study described mortality following in-patient surgery. Several factors were identified that were able to predict poor outcomes in a multivariate analysis. These included age, procedure urgency, severity and type and the American Association of Anaesthesia score. This study describes in greater detail the relationship between the American Association of Anaesthesia score and postoperative mortality. METHODS: Patients in this 7-day cohort study were enrolled in April 2011. Consecutive patients aged 16 years and older undergoing inpatient non-cardiac surgery with a recorded American Association of Anaesthesia score in 498 hospitals across 28 European nations were included and followed up for a maximum of 60 days. The primary endpoint was in-hospital mortality. Decision tree analysis with the CHAID (SPSS) system was used to delineate nodes associated with mortality. RESULTS: The study enrolled 46,539 patients. Due to missing values, 873 patients were excluded, resulting in the analysis of 45,666 patients. Increasing American Association of Anaesthesia scores were associated with increased admission rates to intensive care and higher mortality rates. Despite a progressive relationship with mortality, discrimination was poor, with an area under the ROC curve of 0.658 (95% CI 0.642 - 0.6775). Using regression trees (CHAID), we identified four discrete American Association of Anaesthesia nodes associated with mortality, with American Association of Anaesthesia 1 and American Association of Anaesthesia 2 compressed into the same node. CONCLUSION: The American Association of Anaesthesia score can be used to determine higher risk groups of surgical patients, but clinicians cannot use the score to discriminate between grades 1 and 2. Overall, the discriminatory power of the model was less than acceptable for widespread use.

Aortic and Tricuspid Endocarditis in Hemodialysis Patient with Systemic and Pulmonary Embolism

This is a case report of a 43-year-old Caucasian male with end-stage renal disease being treated with hemodialysis and infective endocarditis in the aortic and tricuspid valves. The clinical presentation was dominated by neurologic impairment with cerebral embolism and hemorrhagic components. A thoracoabdominal computerized tomography scan revealed septic pulmonary embolus. The patient underwent empirical antibiotherapy with ceftriaxone, gentamicin and vancomycin, and the therapy was changed to flucloxacilin and gentamicin after the isolation of S. aureus in blood cultures. The multidisciplinary team determined that the patient should undergo valve replacement after the stabilization of the intracranial hemorrhage; however, on the 8th day of hospitalization, the patient entered cardiac arrest due to a massive septic pulmonary embolism and died. Despite the risk of aggravation of the hemorrhagic cerebral lesion, early surgical intervention should be considered in high-risk patients.