Upper Arm Anthropometry Is Not a Valid Predictor of Regional Body Composition in Preterm Infants

Background: Upper arm anthropometry has been used in the nutritional assessment of small infants, but it has not yet been validated as a predictor of regional body composition in this population. Objective: Validation of measured and derived upper arm anthropometry as a predictor of arm fat and fat-free compartments in preterm infants. Methods: Upper arm anthropometry, including the upper arm cross-sectional areas, was compared individually or in combination with other anthropometric measurements, with the cross-sectional arm areas measured by magnetic resonance imaging, in a cohort of consecutive preterm appropriate-for-gestationalage neonates, just before discharge. Results: Thirty infants born with (mean 8 SD) a gestational age of 30.7 8 1.9 weeks and birth weight of 1,380 8 325 g, were assessed at 35.4 8 1.1 weeks of corrected gestational age, weighing 1,785 8 93 g. None of the anthropometric measurements are reliable predictors (r 2 ! 0.56) of the measurements obtained by magnetic resonance imaging, individually or in combination with other anthropometric measurements. Conclusion: Both measured anthropometry and derived upper arm anthropometry are inaccurate predictors of regional body composition in preterm appropriate-for-gestational-age infants.

Sinergia em Investigação Clínica: Mais do Que a Soma das Partes

A propósito do estudo “Early high calcium and phosphorus intake by parenteral nutrition prevents short-term bone strength decline in preterm infants”, de colaboração entre a UCIN do HDE, os Serviços Farmacêuticos do HDE e estudantes da Licenciatura de Dietética e Nutrição da ESTeSL, foi realçada a vantagem da sinergia multiprofissional multicêntrica em investigação clínica: a investigação foi possível sem depender de financiamento, dado que o dispendioso equipamento de ultrassonografia quantitativa pertence à ESTeSL; a UCIN beneficiou de investigação com a colaboração de investigadores externos (estudantes ESTeSL) dedicados em exclusividade ao projecto; estes, por sua vez, beneficiaram da aprendizagem em investigação de qualidade; o estudo ao ser publicado em revista internacional indexada (J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr.), proporcionou o enriquecimento curricular às instituições (HDE e ESTeSL) e aos investigadores (estudantes, médicos e farmacêutica) envolvidos.

Transmissão do Citomegalovírus no Leite Materno nos Recém-Nascidos Pré-Termos ou Muito Baixo Peso

A infecção pós-natal a citomegalovírus (CMV) nos recém-nascidos pré termos (RNPT) ou muito baixo peso (MBP) pode cursar com doença grave. Para avaliar a transmissão do CMV no leite materno, no RNPT ou MBP, a infecção e o prognóstico a longo prazo, efectuamos uma pesquisa online no motor de busca OVID (consultando a Pubmed, Medline e a Medscape) de Janeiro de 1982 a Agosto de 2011. Os estudos que incluíam a infecção congénita foram excluídos. Incluímos cerca de 30 estudos para análise. A taxa de infecção materna assintomática é elevada (média 81%) e a transmissão do CMV no LM varia entre 66-97,2% das mães CMV-IgC positivas com subsequente positividade nos RN entre 5.7 – 58.6%. Sendo as taxas de infecção sintomática (0-34,5%) e/ou de doença grave (0-13,8%) muito variáveis de estudo para estudo. A longo prazo pode cursar com perturbações do neurodesenvolvimento e morbilidade importantes, sem compromisso auditivo. Em relação à inactivação do CMV pode-se optar por pasteurizar ou congelar o LM, com eficácia/benefício/custo variável. As recomendações actuais são variáveis e pouco directivas, deixando nalguns casos ao critério individual.

Nutrição Entérica na Criança Nascida Pré-Termo: Revisão do Consenso Nacional

Na presente actualização da recomendação sobre nutrição entérica no recém-nascido pré-termo, da Secção de Neonatologia da Sociedade Portuguesa de Pediatria, é dada especial relevância às necessidades nutricionais do recém-nascido pré-termo, aspetos particulares da nutrição entérica durante o internamento na unidade neonatal, nomeadamente em relação ao momento de iniciar a nutrição entérica, como progredir, modo de administração, especificidades do leite humano pré-termo, sua fortificação, nutrição em situações particulares e nutrição após alta hospitalar. É incluída informação sobre a composição das fórmulas especiais, fortificante e suplemento proteico do leite humano comercializados em Portugal.

Food Allergy and Anaphylaxis in Infants and Preschool-Age Children

Food allergy (FA) prevalence data in infants and preschool-age children are sparse, and proposed risk factors lack confirmation. In this study, 19 children’s day care centers (DCC) from 2 main Portuguese cities were selected after stratification and cluster analysis. An ISAAC’s (International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood) derived health questionnaire was applied to a sample of children attending DCCs. Outcomes were FA parental report and anaphylaxis. Logistic regression was used to explore potential risk factors for reported FA. From the 2228 distributed questionnaires, 1217 were included in the analysis (54.6%). Children’s median age was 3.5 years, and 10.8% were described as ever having had FA. Current FA was reported in 5.7%. Three (0.2%) reports compatible with anaphylaxis were identified. Reported parental history of FA, personal history of atopic dermatitis, and preterm birth increased the odds for reported current FA. A high prevalence of parental-perceived FA in preschool-age children was identified. Risk factor identification may enhance better prevention.

Resultado do Obstétrico de Gravidezes Gemelares Resultantes de Fecundação in Vitro, Microinjeção e Estimulação da Ovulação em Comparação com Espontâneas

Introduction: Uncontrolled studies suggest that twins conceived by in vitro fertilization have increased rates of preterm birth and low birth weight and would warrant increased antenatal monitoring. The objective of this study was to compare the obstetric outcome of twin pregnancies conceived by in vitro fertilization or intracytoplasmic sperm injection (IVF/ICSI) and ovulation induction with those conceived spontaneously. Methods: All twin deliveries achieved by IVF/ICSI (n=235) and ovulation induction (n=68) from September 1994 through December 2010 were evaluated. Both groups and an additional control group who conceived spontaneously (n=997) and was delivered during the same time period were compared with each other. Results: In univariate analysis, patients who conceived with the assistance of IVF/ICSI had a significantly higher risk of being older (p=0.01), nulliparous (p=0.01), having hypertensive disorders (p=0.012), gestational diabetes mellitus (p=0.031), cesarean section (p=0.008) and lower gestational age at birth, compared with the control group. Newborns had similar birthweights in all groups (2229±544g; 2102±619g; 2251±553g). Spontaneous pregnancies had a higher risk of being monochorionic 38.4% versus 16.2% and 10.2% (p=0.01). Multivariate analysis however showed that patients who conceived with the assistance of IVF/ICSI only had a higher risk of gestational diabetes (OR=1.91,95%CI 1.168-3.120; p=0.01). Conclusions: Our study shows that twin pregnancies conceived with the assistance of IVF/ICSI had a higher risk of gestacional diabetes and a lower gestacional age at birth. Birthweights were similar, as was the incidence of perinatal death, low birth weight infants, and congenital malformations.

Is Intrauterine Growth Appropriate to Monitor Postnatal Growth of Preterm Neonates?

When using the useful 2013 Fenton Chart, data should be interpreted with caution taking into account two aspects: the physiologic loss of body water after birth for the weight curves, and the questionable accuracy of the birth length curves considering the heterogeneity and reliability of the methods used in the original measurements.

Regulatory Cells, Cytokine Pattern and Clinical Risk Factors for Asthma in Infants and Young Children with Recurrent Wheeze

Several risk factors for asthma have been identified in infants and young children with recurrent wheeze. However, published literature has reported contradictory findings regarding the underlying immunological mechanisms. OBJECTIVES: This study was designed to assess and compare the immunological status during the first 2 years in steroid-naive young children with >or= three episodes of physician-confirmed wheeze (n=50), with and without clinical risk factors for developing subsequent asthma (i.e. parental asthma or a personal history of eczema and/or two of the following: wheezing without colds, a personal history of allergic rhinitis and peripheral blood eosinophilia >4%), with age-matched healthy controls (n=30). METHODS: Peripheral blood CD4(+)CD25(+) and CD4(+)CD25(high) T cells and their cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated antigen-4 (CTLA-4), GITR and Foxp3 expression were analysed by flow cytometry. Cytokine (IFN-gamma, TGF-beta and IL-10), CTLA-4 and Foxp3 mRNA expression were evaluated (real-time PCR) after peripheral blood mononuclear cell stimulation with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) (24 h) and house dust mite (HDM) extracts (7th day). RESULTS: Flow cytometry results showed a significant reduction in the absolute number of CD4(+)CD25(high) and the absolute and percentage numbers of CD4(+)CD25(+)CTLA-4(+) in wheezy children compared with healthy controls. Wheezy children at a high risk of developing asthma had a significantly lower absolute number of CD4(+)CD25(+) (P=0.01) and CD4(+)CD25(high) (P=0.04), compared with those at a low risk. After PMA stimulation, CTLA-4 (P=0.03) and Foxp3 (P=0.02) expression was diminished in wheezy children compared with the healthy children. After HDM stimulation, CTLA-4 (P=0.03) and IFN-gamma (P=0.04) expression was diminished in wheezy children compared with healthy children. High-risk children had lower expression of IFN-gamma (P=0.03) compared with low-risk and healthy children and lower expression of CTLA-4 (P=0.01) compared with healthy children. CONCLUSIONS: Although our findings suggest that some immunological parameters are impaired in children with recurrent wheeze, particularly with a high risk for asthma, further studies are needed in order to assess their potential as surrogate predictor factors for asthma in early life.