Reacção ao Glutamato Monossódico – Avaliação por Prova de Provocação em Ocultação Simples

Em 1968 foram descritos sintomas autolimitados que surgiam até 30 minutos após refeição em restaurante chinês. Esta síndrome tem sido atribuída ao consumo de glutamato monossódico (GMS), sendo designada por “complexo de sintomas associado ao GMS”. Foi objectivo deste estudo avaliar a resposta ao GMS em dois adultos com história sugestiva de reacção adversa a este aditivo alimentar. Em ocultação simples, foram administrados oralmente, em jejum e em dias diferentes, placebo ou doses crescentes de GMS, até à dose cumulativa de 5 gramas, sendo a prova considerada positiva caso surgissem pelo menos dois sintomas de vinte descritos na literatura. Apenas a prova com GMS foi positiva num doente, que referiu mal-estar geral, astenia e hipersudorese, na dose máxima. À semelhança de outros estudos, os resultados sugerem que doses elevadas de GMS, administradas sem alimentos, podem provocar sintomas em indivíduos com história suspeita de “complexo de sintomas associado a GMS”.

Vasodilatadores Pulmonares Selectivos na Hipertensão Pulmonar Grave: Utilização de 3 Diferentes Tipos de Endpoint

The therapeutic approach to severe pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH), whether primary or secondary to connective tissue disorders, thromboembolic phenomena or congenital heart disease with Eisenmenger syndrome, has evolved in recent years following the introduction of selective pulmonary vasodilators, including prostacyclin analogs and endothelin receptor antagonists. AIM: To correlate three different endpoints (6-minute walk test, Tei index and peak tricuspid regurgitation velocity by Doppler echocardiographic study) during follow-up of PAH patients under selective vasodilator therapy. METHODS: Eleven patients (9 female, age 42 +/- 18 years) with severe PAH (> or = 65 mmHg), 64% with Eisenmenger syndrome, in NYHA class > or = II, were assessed during a follow-up of 11 +/- 8 months. Eight patients were already under therapy with iloprost or bosentan. RESULTS: There was no correlation between the three endpoints before and after therapy as assessed by Pearson's correlation coefficient. There was, however, an improvement in all of them after selective vasodilatory therapy. CONCLUSION: Therapeutic response can be accurately measured by the traditional endpoint (6-minute walk test) or by echocardiographic endpoints. However, the lack of correlation between them excludes their use as alternatives in patient follow-up.

Prognostic Value of a New Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing Parameter in Chronic Heart Failure: Oxygen Uptake Efficiency at Peak Exercise - Comparison with Oxygen Uptake Efficiency Slope

INTRODUCTION: A growing body of evidence shows the prognostic value of oxygen uptake efficiency slope (OUES), a cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPET) parameter derived from the logarithmic relationship between O(2) consumption (VO(2)) and minute ventilation (VE) in patients with chronic heart failure (CHF). OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the prognostic value of a new CPET parameter - peak oxygen uptake efficiency (POUE) - and to compare it with OUES in patients with CHF. METHODS: We prospectively studied 206 consecutive patients with stable CHF due to dilated cardiomyopathy - 153 male, aged 53.3±13.0 years, 35.4% of ischemic etiology, left ventricular ejection fraction 27.7±8.0%, 81.1% in sinus rhythm, 97.1% receiving ACE-Is or ARBs, 78.2% beta-blockers and 60.2% spironolactone - who performed a first maximal symptom-limited treadmill CPET, using the modified Bruce protocol. In 33% of patients an cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) or cardiac resynchronization therapy device (CRT-D) was implanted during follow-up. Peak VO(2), percentage of predicted peak VO(2), VE/VCO(2) slope, OUES and POUE were analyzed. OUES was calculated using the formula VO(2) (l/min) = OUES (log(10)VE) + b. POUE was calculated as pVO(2) (l/min) / log(10)peakVE (l/min). Correlation coefficients between the studied parameters were obtained. The prognosis of each variable adjusted for age was evaluated through Cox proportional hazard models and R2 percent (R2%) and V index (V6) were used as measures of the predictive accuracy of events of each of these variables. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves from logistic regression models were used to determine the cut-offs for OUES and POUE. RESULTS: pVO(2): 20.5±5.9; percentage of predicted peak VO(2): 68.6±18.2; VE/VCO(2) slope: 30.6±8.3; OUES: 1.85±0.61; POUE: 0.88±0.27. During a mean follow-up of 33.1±14.8 months, 45 (21.8%) patients died, 10 (4.9%) underwent urgent heart transplantation and in three patients (1.5%) a left ventricular assist device was implanted. All variables proved to be independent predictors of this combined event; however, VE/VCO2 slope was most strongly associated with events (HR 11.14). In this population, POUE was associated with a higher risk of events than OUES (HR 9.61 vs. 7.01), and was also a better predictor of events (R2: 28.91 vs. 22.37). CONCLUSION: POUE was more strongly associated with death, urgent heart transplantation and implantation of a left ventricular assist device and proved to be a better predictor of events than OUES. These results suggest that this new parameter can increase the prognostic value of CPET in patients with CHF.

Sepsis Mortality Prediction Based on Predisposition, Infection and Response

OBJECTIVE: To empirically test, based on a large multicenter, multinational database, whether a modified PIRO (predisposition, insult, response, and organ dysfunction) concept could be applied to predict mortality in patients with infection and sepsis. DESIGN: Substudy of a multicenter multinational cohort study (SAPS 3). PATIENTS: A total of 2,628 patients with signs of infection or sepsis who stayed in the ICU for >48 h. Three boxes of variables were defined, according to the PIRO concept. Box 1 (Predisposition) contained information about the patient's condition before ICU admission. Box 2 (Injury) contained information about the infection at ICU admission. Box 3 (Response) was defined as the response to the infection, expressed as a Sequential Organ Failure Assessment score after 48 h. INTERVENTIONS: None. MAIN MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS: Most of the infections were community acquired (59.6%); 32.5% were hospital acquired. The median age of the patients was 65 (50-75) years, and 41.1% were female. About 22% (n=576) of the patients presented with infection only, 36.3% (n=953) with signs of sepsis, 23.6% (n=619) with severe sepsis, and 18.3% (n=480) with septic shock. Hospital mortality was 40.6% overall, greater in those with septic shock (52.5%) than in those with infection (34.7%). Several factors related to predisposition, infection and response were associated with hospital mortality. CONCLUSION: The proposed three-level system, by using objectively defined criteria for risk of mortality in sepsis, could be used by physicians to stratify patients at ICU admission or shortly thereafter, contributing to a better selection of management according to the risk of death.

Development Process and Cognitive Testing of CARATkids - Control of Allergic Rhinitis and Asthma Test for Children

Background: Allergic rhinitis and asthma (ARA) are chronic inflammatory diseases of the airways that often coexist in children. The only tool to assess the ARA control, the Control of Allergic Rhinitis and Asthma Test (CARAT) is to be used by adults. We aimed to develop the Pediatric version of Control of Allergic Rhinitis and Asthma Test (CARATkids) and to test its comprehensibility in children with 4 to 12 years of age. Methods: The questionnaire development included a literature review of pediatric questionnaires on asthma and/or rhinitis control and two consensus meetings of a multidisciplinary group. Cognitive testing was carried out in a cross-sectional qualitative study using cognitive interviews. Results: Four questionnaires to assess asthma and none to assess rhinitis control in children were identified. The multidisciplinary group produced a questionnaire version for children with 17 questions with illustrations and dichotomous (yes/no) response format. The version for caregivers had 4-points and dichotomous scales. Twenty-nine children, 4 to 12 years old, and their caregivers were interviewed. Only children over 6 years old could adequately answer the questionnaire. A few words/expressions were not fully understood by children of 6 to 8 years old. The drawings illustrating the questions were considered helpful by children and caregivers. Caregivers considered the questionnaire complete and clear and preferred dichotomous over the 4-points scales. The proportion of agreement between children and their caregivers was 61%. The words/expressions that were difficult to understand were amended. Conclusion: CARATkids, the first questionnaire to assess a child’s asthma and rhinitis control was developed and its content validity was assured. Cognitive testing showed that CARATKids is well-understood by children 6 to 12 years old. The questionnaire’s measurement properties can now be assessed in a validation study.

Diabetes Gestacional e o Impacto do Actual Rastreio

Introdução: Em 2011, foi introduzido um novo rastreio para a diabetes gestacional que permitiu um diagnóstico mais precoce e de maior número de casos com o intuito de reduzir complicações maternas e perinatais. O objectivo deste estudo foi avaliar a prevalência da diabetes gestacional, comparar resultados obstétricos e perinatais do anterior e presente rastreio e os resultados e realização da prova de reclassificação pós-parto. Material e Métodos: Estudo retrospectivo em gestações simples e diabetes gestacional diagnosticados em 2009 (n = 223) e 2012 (n = 237), vigiadas na Maternidade Dr. Alfredo da Costa, Portugal. Após consulta de processos clínicos procedeu-se à análise de características demográficas, história médica e obstétrica, aumento ponderal durante a gravidez, idade gestacional do diagnóstico, terapêutica utilizada, resultados perinatais e reclassificação pós-parto, seguida de comparação destas variáveis entre os anos de 2009 e 2012. Resultados: Em 2012, houve maior prevalência de diabetes gestacional, ganho ponderal inferior (p < 0,001), maior recurso à terapêutica farmacológica (p < 0,001) e aumento dos casos diagnosticados no primeiro e segundo trimestres (p < 0,001). Relativamente aos resultados neonatais, o peso médio do recém-nascido ao nascer foi significativamente menor (p = 0,001) com diminuição dos recém-nascidos grandes para a idade gestacional (p = 0,002). A taxa de reclassificação pós-parto foi semelhante nos dois anos mas em 2012 houve um aumento dos resultados normais e diminuição das anomalias da glicémia em jejum. Discussão: Critérios mais apertados do actual rastreio permitiram a redução da maioria das complicações da diabetes gestacional levantando novas questões. Conclusão: A introdução do actual rastreio resultou num aumento de prevalência, diagnóstico mais precoce e redução da macrossomia.

Rotura Uterina em Mulheres com Cesariana Anterior em Prova de Trabalho de Parto

Uterine rupture during a trial of labor after previous cesarean (TOLAC) delivery is a rare, but serious complication. Several factors can increase the risk of uterine rupture, so the assessment of individual risks with adequate counseling is ne - cessary. The initial signs and symptoms are usually nonspecific, hampering timely diagnosis and prompt delivery of the fetus, necessary for optimal outcome. The purpose of this document is to review the risks factors for uterine rupture during TOLAC, as well as the current clinical value of the classically described premonitory signs and symptoms.

Importância da Prova de Synacthen no Diagnóstico Diferencial de Pubarca Precoce

Introdução: Nos doentes com pubarca precoce, o gold-standard para o diagnóstico diferencial entre pubarca precoce idiopática (PPI) e a forma não clássica da hiperplasia congénita da suprarrenal (HCSR--NC) é a prova de Synacthen. Esta permite também estimar a reserva adrenal de cortisol nos doentes com HCSR-NC.Objetivos: Comparar as características clínicas e perfil hormonal basal dos doentes com pubarca pre-coce; avaliar a importância da prova de Synacthen no diagnóstico diferencial entre PPI e HCSR-NC e na determinação da reserva adrenal de cortisol. Material e métodos: Estudo transversal de doentes com pubarca precoce que realizaram prova de Synacthen. Resultados: Foram incluídos 43 doentes, com idade mediana de 7,5 anos (3,5-9,4), sendo 37 (86,0%) do sexo feminino. Na prova de Synacthen, 37 (86,0%) foram classificados como PPI e 6 (14,0%) como HCSR-NC.Não houve diferencças significativas entre os 2 grupos quanto às características clínicas e doseamentos basais de ACTH, cortisol e androgénios da suprarrenal. A 17-OHP basal e estimulada foi mais elevada nos doentes com HCSR-NC (p = 0,001 e p < 0,001, respetivamente) (basal: 4,62 ± 3,70 ng/ml [0,80-10,50];estimulada: 35,41 ± 24,87 ng/ml [12,0-80,2]) do que nos doentes com PPI (basal: 1,04 ± 0,77 ng/ml [0,22-3,80]; estimulada: 4,18 ± 1,71 ng/ml [1,0-8,96]). O cut-off basal habitualmente proposto (< 2,0 ng/ml) paraa distinção entre estes grupos não o permitiu em 2 doentes, que apenas foram diagnosticados após realização da prova de Synacthen. Dois doentes com HCSR-NC (33,3%) tiveram cortisol após estimulação< 18 g/dl, revelando necessidade de tratamento com glucocorticoide em stress. Os doentes com HCSR--NC com valores mais elevados de 17-OHP basal tiveram valores de cortisol mais baixos após estimulação(p = 0,004; r = -0,43).Conclusão: A realização desta prova foi útil para distinguir os doentes com HCSR-NC e PPI, pois nenhum valor de 17-OHP basal permitia fazer o diagnóstico diferencial definitivo. Em alguns doentes com HCSR-NCa prova revelou secreção inapropriada de cortisol em stress, contribuindo para a decisão terapêutica.