Hyper-IgD and Periodic Fever Syndrome: a New MVK Mutation (p.R277G) Associated with a Severe Phenotype

Hyperimmunoglobulinemia D and periodic fever syndrome (HIDS; MIM#260920) is a rare recessively-inherited autoinflammatory condition caused bymutations in the MVK gene, which encodes for mevalonate kinase, an essential enzyme in the isoprenoid pathway. HIDS is clinically characterized by recurrent episodes of fever and inflammation. Herewe report on the case of a 2 year-old Portuguese boy with recurrent episodes of fever, malaise, massive cervical lymphadenopathy and hepatosplenomegaly since the age of 12 months. Rash, arthralgia, abdominal pain and diarrhea were also seen occasionally. During attacks a vigorous acute-phase response was detected, including elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate, C-reactive protein, serum amyloid A and leukocytosis. Clinical and laboratory improvement was seen between attacks. Despite normal serum IgD level, HIDS was clinically suspected. Mutational MVK analysis revealed the homozygous genotype with the novel p.Arg277Gly (p.R277G) mutation, while the healthy non consanguineous parents were heterozygous. Short nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and corticosteroid courses were given during attacks with poor benefits, where as anakinra showed positive responses only at high doses. The p.R277Gmutation here described is a novel missense MVK mutation, and it has been detected in this casewith a severe HIDS phenotype. Further studies are needed to evaluate a co-relation genotype, enzyme activity and phenotype, and to define the best therapeutic strategies.

Interictal Spike EEG Source Analysis in Hypothalamic Hamartoma Epilepsy

Objective: The epilepsy associated with the hypothalamic hamartomas constitutes a syndrome with peculiar seizures, usually refractory to medical therapy, mild cognitive delay, behavioural problems and multifocal spike activity in the scalp electroencephalogram (EEG). The cortical origin of spikes has been widely assumed but not specifically demonstrated. Methods: We present results of a source analysis of interictal spikes from 4 patients (age 2–25 years) with epilepsy and hypothalamic hamartoma, using EEG scalp recordings (32 electrodes) and realistic boundary element models constructed from volumetric magnetic resonance imaging (MRIs). Multifocal spike activity was the most common finding, distributed mainly over the frontal and temporal lobes. A spike classification based on scalp topography was done and averaging within each class performed to improve the signal to noise ratio. Single moving dipole models were used, as well as the Rap-MUSIC algorithm. Results: All spikes with good signal to noise ratio were best explained by initial deep sources in the neighbourhood of the hamartoma, with late sources located in the cortex. Not a single patient could have his spike activity explained by a combination of cortical sources. Conclusions: Overall, the results demonstrate a consistent origin of spike activity in the subcortical region in the neighbourhood of the hamartoma, with late spread to cortical areas.

PFAPA: A Propósito de um Caso Clínico

O síndrome PFAPA ( Periodic Fever, Aphtous stomatitis,Pharingitis and Adenitis) foi descrito pela primeira vez em 1987. A etiologia é desconhecida. Clinicamente caracteriza-se por febre alta, recorrente, com intervalos de quatro a seis semanas. A febre tem a duração de cerca de cinco dias e regride espontaneamente. Associadas à febre, encontram-se estomatite aftosa, faringite e adenomegalias cervicais. Os sintomas iniciam-se antes dos cinco anos de idade e tornam-se menos frequentes à medida que a criança cresce. O doente está assintomático entre os episódios febris, não há repercussão no desenvolvimento estaturo-ponderal ou psicomotor e não estão descritas sequelas. Leucocitose, velocidade de sedimentação (VS) e proteína C reactiva (PCR) elevadas durante as crises são as únicas alterações laboratoriais encontradas. Os autores descrevem o caso clínico de uma criança de vinte meses, com febre periódica iniciada aos seis meses, periodicidade de vinte e oito dias e duração de cinco dias, estando assintomático entre as crises. Excluiu-se patologia infecciosa, neoplásica e imunológica, assim como outros síndromes febris periódicos com início na infância. No primeiro dia de cada episódio febril, iniciou terapêutica com dose única de prednisolona oral (2mg/Kg), com alargamento do intervalo entre os episódios febris, diminuição da duração e gravidade das crises subsequentes.