Mesotelioma Peritoneal Maligno. Dificuldades Diagnósticas e Terap��uticas

O Mesotelioma Peritoneal Maligno (MPM) é um tumor raro, de apresentação clínica inespecífica, colocando dificuldades diagnósticas particularmente na diferenciação com carcinomatose peritoneal. O diagnóstico tardio e a ineficácia da terap��utica convencional – cirurgia, radioterapia, quimioterapia – conferem-lhe um mau prognóstico com sobrevida média de 6-12 meses. Os autores descrevem um caso de MPM diagnosticado durante investigação de ascite inaugural, através de biópsia peritoneal laparoscópica. Submetido a quimioterapia sistémica, o doente encontra-se em remissão parcial aos 42 meses.

Borderline CD30+ Cutaneous Lymphoproliferative Disorder: Report of a Case with Expression of Cytotoxic Markers and Response to Clarithromycin

CD30+ cutaneous lymphoproliferative disorders (CLPDs) are usually characterized by a benign clinical course. The prognostic value of cytotoxic markers in these lymphomas has not been evaluated in large series. We describe a case of borderline CD30+ CLPD with cytotoxic phenotype, presenting in a 22-year-old male patient as an ulcer on the forearm. He reported having had similar ulcers on the buttock and thigh that spontaneously regressed over the course of 1 year. The lesion resolved with a single course of clarithromycin; a subsequent lesion, too, responded to clarithromycin, and no recurrences or systemic involvement have been documented in the 9-month follow-up. A conservative approach in the management of CD30+ CLPD is recommended. We believe that the anti-inflammatory and apoptotic effects of clarithromycin on T cells may have hastened the remission process.

Implantação Percutânea de Válvulas Pulmonares: Experiência Inicial

Os doentes com cardiopatias submetidos a intervenção cirúrgica com implantação de condutos entre o ventrículo direito e a artéria pulmonar (VD-AP) podem desenvolver estenose e/ou insuficiência pulmonares ao longo do tempo. Nestas situações, associadas a arritmias cardíacas, disfunção ventricular direita e morte súbita, a re-intervenção cirúrgica permanece um desafio pela complexidade, mortalidade e morbilidade significativas. A implantação percutânea de válvulas pulmonares (IPVP), recentemente desenvolvida, representa uma abordagem alternativa para estes doentes. Objectivo: Reportar a experiência inicial com a IPVP, analisando o seu impacto no manejo destes doentes. Material e Métodos: Avaliação prospectiva dos dados clínicos, ecocardiográficos, da ressonância magnética, hemodinâmicos e angiográficos dos doentes submetidos a IPVP. Resultados: Seis doentes em classe funcional igual ou superior a II com disfunção do conduto VD-AP foram submetidos a IPVP. Tinham todos evidência de insuficiência e 5/6 de estenose. O procedimento consistiu na implantação de stents não cobertos no conduto para reforçar a sua rigidez e prevenir fracturas dos stents valvulados pulmonares Melody ® (Medtronic), que foram em seguida implantados com sucesso em todos. Obteve-se uma redução da pressão ventricular direita (94±27 para 44±7mmHg), da relação entre a pressão ventricular direita e esquerda (94±27 para 44±7%), do gradiente do conduto (65±28 para 11±4mmHg) e ausência de regurgitação pulmonar. O procedimento teve uma duração mediana de 180 minutos e decorreu sem complicações major. Os doentes tiveram alta em mediana dois dias ap��s o procedimento. Na última avaliação, em mediana 7,8 meses ap��s o procedimento, os doentes encontramse em classe funcional I (5) ou II (1), sem evidência não invasiva de disfunção do conduto. Conclusões: Os nossos resultados acompanham a experiência actual com esta modalidade terap��utica, com excelentes resultados nestes grupo de doentes complexos. A implementação da IPVP em doentes com cardiopatia congénita que requerem re-intervenção no tracto de saída do ventrículo direito tem-se revelado uma técnica promissora, embora complexa, alternativa a mais uma intervenção cirúrgica.

Asialotransferrina Discriminante do Consumo Excessivo Activo de Álcool, Sub-Agudo e Crónico. Utilidade Clínica na Doença Hep��tica

A determinação dos níveis séricos de transferrina deficiente em carbo-hidratos (CDT) e do rácio de transferrina no consumidor abusivo persistente de álcool aparece com promissora utilidade na área da alcoologia. Na série actual demonstra-se excelente especificidade (970 o) no entanto com fraca sensibilidade (52° o) para o CDT. Contudo o rácio CDT Tft adiciona-lhe uma sensibilidade acrescida atingindo 740 o mantendo a elevada especificidade. Nos consumidores abusivos 70g dia) persistentes, este índice que se correlaciona positivamente com a transferrina sérica, é capaz de escurtinar em elevada frequência estas capitações de álcool e mostra uma informação independente pois não se correlaciona significativamente com os níveis dos marcadores biológicos tradicionais (AST, ALT, GGT, VGM). Embora com limitações metodológicas definidas, estes índices prenunciam, com melhoria da acessibilidade técnica, uma aplicabilidade prática no rastreio de consumidores abusivos crónicos. Na área da hepatologia o comportamento do CDT e ácio da transferrina é capaz de afirmar em elevada frequência o envolvimento do etanol no estudo da natureza de uma doença hep��tica crónica. No entanto, o grau de lesão do figado tomado pelo índice hep��tico PGA, não influencia apreciavelmente os níveis séricos do CDT e rácio de transferrina. Na presente série, as circunstancias e condições do consumo de álcool parecem ser o determinante independente do carácter informativo que estes índices revelam.

Evolution of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 2 Envelope in the First Years of Infection is Associated with the Dynamics of the Neutralizing Antibody Response

Background: Differently from HIV-1, HIV-2 disease progression usually takes decades without antiretroviral therapy and the majority of HIV-2 infected individuals survive as elite controllers with normal CD4+ T cell counts and low or undetectable plasma viral load. Neutralizing antibodies (Nabs) are thought to play a central role in HIV-2 evolution and pathogenesis. However, the dynamic of the Nab response and resulting HIV-2 escape during acute infection and their impact in HIV-2 evolution and disease progression remain largely unknown. Our objective was to characterize the Nab response and the molecular and phenotypic evolution of HIV-2 in association with Nab escape in the first years of infection in two children infected at birth. Results: CD4+ T cells decreased from about 50% to below 30% in both children in the first five years of infection and the infecting R5 viruses were replaced by X4 viruses within the same period. With antiretroviral therapy, viral load in child 1 decreased to undetectable levels and CD4+ T cells recovered to normal levels, which have been sustained at least until the age of 12. In contrast, viral load increased in child 2 and she progressed to AIDS and death at age 9. Beginning in the first year of life, child 1 raised high titers of antibodies that neutralized primary R5 isolates more effectively than X4 isolates, both autologous and heterologous. Child 2 raised a weak X4-specific Nab response that decreased sharply as disease progressed. Rate of evolution, nucleotide and amino acid diversity, and positive selection, were significantly higher in the envelope of child 1 compared to child 2. Rates of R5-to-X4 tropism switch, of V1 and V3 sequence diversification, and of convergence of V3 to a β-hairpin structure were related with rate of escape from the neutralizing antibodies. Conclusion: Our data suggests that the molecular and phenotypic evolution of the human immunodeficiency virus type 2 envelope are related with the dynamics of the neutralizing antibody response providing further support for a model in which Nabs play an important role in HIV-2 pathogenesis.

Brain Natriuretic Peptide Levels Predict Morbidity and Mortality in Haemodialysis Patients

Background: Brain natriuretic peptide is a predictor of mortality in multiple cardiovascular diseases but its value in patients with chronic kidney disease is still a matter of debate. Patients and methods: We studied 48 haemodialysis patients with mean age 70.0±13.9 years,62.5% female, 43.8% diabetics, with a mean haemodialysis time of 38.1±29.3 months. To evaluate the role of brain natriuretic peptide as a prognostic factor in this population we performed a two-session evaluation of pre- and postmid-week haemodialysis plasma brain natriuretic peptide concentrations and correlated them with hospitalisation and overall and cardiovascular mortality over a two-year period. Results: There were no significant variations in pre– and post-haemodialysis plasma brain natriuretic peptide concentrations. Pre- and post-haemodialysis brain natriuretic peptide concentrations were significantly greater in patients who died from all causes(p=0.034 and p=0.001, respectively) and from cardiovascular causes (p=0.043 and p=0.001, respectively). Patients who were hospitalised in the two-year study period also presented greater pre- and posthaemodialysis brain natriuretic peptide concentrations(p=0.03 and p=0.036, respectively). Patients with mean brain natriuretic peptide concentrations ≥ 390 pg/mL showed a significantly lower survival at the end of the two-year study period. Conclusion: Brain natriuretic peptide was a good predictor of morbidity and mortality (overall and cardiovascular) in our population.

Food Allergy and Anaphylaxis in Infants and Preschool-Age Children

Food allergy (FA) prevalence data in infants and preschool-age children are sparse, and proposed risk factors lack confirmation. In this study, 19 children’s day care centers (DCC) from 2 main Portuguese cities were selected after stratification and cluster analysis. An ISAAC’s (International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood) derived health questionnaire was applied to a sample of children attending DCCs. Outcomes were FA parental report and anaphylaxis. Logistic regression was used to explore potential risk factors for reported FA. From the 2228 distributed questionnaires, 1217 were included in the analysis (54.6%). Children’s median age was 3.5 years, and 10.8% were described as ever having had FA. Current FA was reported in 5.7%. Three (0.2%) reports compatible with anaphylaxis were identified. Reported parental history of FA, personal history of atopic dermatitis, and preterm birth increased the odds for reported current FA. A high prevalence of parental-perceived FA in preschool-age children was identified. Risk factor identification may enhance better prevention.

Gastrinoma de Localização Pilórica numa Doente com Úlcera P��ptica Recorrente

Apresenta-se o caso clínico de uma mulher de 56 anos, raça branca, com úlcera duodenal e esofagite com 3 anos de evolução apesar de terap��utica mantida com bloqueadores dos receptores H2. O valor da gastrina sérica basal estava ligeiramenteacima dos limites superiores do normal. O teste de estimulação de secretina foi sugestivo de gastrinoma. Com tomografia axial computorizada e arteriografia selectiva não se localizou o tumor. Na laparotomia exploradora encontrou-se um nódulo pilórico que se demonstrou corresponder ao gastrinoma. Dezoito meses ap��s a cirurgia a doente encontrou-se assintomática e os exames de controle são negativos.

Dominant and Recessive RYR1 Mutations in Adults with Core Lesions and Mild Muscle Symptoms

INTRODUCTION: Ryanodine receptor gene (RYR1) mutations have been associated with central core disease (CCD), multiminicore/minicore/multicore disease (MmD), and susceptibility to malignant hyperthermia (MH). METHODS: Patients with muscle symptoms in adulthood, who had features compatible with CCD/MmD, underwent clinical, histological, and genetic (RYR1 and SEPN1 genes) evaluations. Published cases of CCD and MmD with adult onset were also reviewed. RESULTS: Eight patients fulfilled the criteria for further analysis. Five RYR1 mutations, 4 of them unreported, were detected in 3 patients. Compound heterozygosity was proven in 1 case. CONCLUSIONS: To our knowledge, this is the only report of adult onset associated with recessive RYR1 mutations and central core/multiminicores on muscle biopsy. Although adult patients with CCD, MmD, and minimally symptomatic MH with abnormal muscle biopsy findings usually have a mild clinical course, differential diagnosis and carrier screening is crucial for prevention of potentially life-threatening reactions to general anesthesia.