Genomic Signatures and Antiviral Drug Susceptibility Profile of A(H1N1)pdm09

Background: Genetic changes in influenza surface and internal genes can alter viral fitness and virulence. Mutation trend analysis and antiviral drug susceptibility profiling of A(H1N1)pdm09 viruses is essential for risk assessment of emergent strains and disease management. Objective: To profile genomic signatures and antiviral drug resistance of A(H1N1)pdm09 viruses and to discuss the potential role of mutated residues in human host adaptation and virulence. Study design: A(H1N1)pdm09 viruses circulating in Portugal during pandemic and post-pandemic periods and 2009/2010 season. Viruses were isolated in MDCK-SIAT1 cell culture and subjected to mutation analysis of surface and internal proteins, and to antiviral drug susceptibility profiling. Results: The A(H1N1)pdm09 strains circulating during the epidemic period in Portugal were resistant to amantadine. The majority of the strains were found to be susceptible to oseltamivir and zanamivir, with five outliers to neuraminidase inhibitors (NAIs) identified. Specific mutation patterns were detected within the functional domains of internal proteins PB2, PB1, PA, NP, NS1, M1 and NS2/NEP, which were common to all isolates and also some cluster-specific. Discussion: Modification of viral genome transcription, replication and apoptosis kinetics, changes in antigenicity and antiviral drug susceptibility are known determinants of virulence. We report several point mutations with putative roles in viral fitness and virulence, and discuss their potential to result in more virulent phenotypes. Monitoring of specific mutations and genetic patterns in influenza viral genes is essential for risk assessing emergent strains, disease epidemiology and public health implications.

Prácticas de Prescripción de Nutrición Parenteral Neonatal en Portugal

Introducción: La utilización de normas de orientación para la nutrición parenteral neonatal mejora la eficiencia y la seguridad de su prescripción. Objetivo: Evaluar la práctica de prescripción de nutrición parenteral neonatal en Portugal y el cumplimiento del Consenso Nacional (2008). Métodos: Encuesta de respuesta múltiple sobre la prescripción de nutrición parenteral (NP) enviada a los coordinadores de las 50 unidades de cuidados especiales neonatales portuguesas, tanto públicas como privadas, siendo 25 de nível ii y 25 de nivel iii. Resultados: Se prescribe NP en 32 unidades neonatales, habiendo 23 (71,9%) respondido la encuesta. De estas, 19 (82,6%) afirman tener como referencia el Consenso Nacional y las restantes siguen protocolos internos; 17 (73,9%) afirman preferir la prescripción mediante soporte informático. En recién nacidos pretérmino, la mayoría reporta una administración cautelosa de líquidos en la primera semana posnatal; inicio de aminoácidos desde el primer día posnatal con 1,5-3 g/kg/día y aumento hasta 3-4 g/kg/día; inicio de lípidos en los 3 días posnatales com 1 g/kg/día y aumento hasta 3 g/kg/día; administración de 40-70 mg/kg/día de calcio y fósforo, con un ratio calcio:fósforo de 1,7:1 (mg:mg), y estimación de la osmolaridad de las soluciones y control semanal de la trigliceridemia, uremia, fosforemia y función hepática. Conclusiones: Por la elevada tasa de respuesta la muestra probablemente es representativa de la práctica de prescripción de nutrición parenteral neonatal en Portugal. La mayoría de las unidades tienen como referencia el Consenso Nacional, lo que contribuye a unos mejores cuidados de los recién nacidos.

Prácticas de Preparación de Nutrición Parenteral Neonatal en Portugal; Comparación con las Recomendaciones Españolas

Evaluar la práctica de preparación de nutrición parenteral (NP) neonatal en Portugal y su concordancia con las recomendaciones del Consenso Español sobre Preparación de Mezclas Nutrientes Parenterales 2008. Métodos: Cuestionario electrónico sobre elementos relativos a la preparación de la NP, enviado entre junio y octubre 2009 a los farmacéuticos o enfermeros responsables de la preparación de la NP neonatal en los 50 hospitales (públicos y privados) de Portugal con unidades de cuidados especiales neonatales. Resultados: Se preparaba NP neonatal en 30 hospitales,de los que 22 (73,3%) respondieron la encuesta. En el 77% de los hospitales, la NP neonatal se preparaba en los servicios farmacéuticos y en la propia unidad neonatal en el resto. En la mayoría de hospitales se preparaba apenas en los días laborables, y la en la mitad de los casos la prescripción llegaba a los responsables en soporte digital. Los responsables identificaron diversos problemas asociados a la interpretación de la prescripción (14-41% de las NP). La práctica de la mayoría de los hospitales portugueses estaba en concordancia con el Consenso Español en documentación, instalaciones y equipamientos, recursos humanos y etiquetado. En cuanto a las soluciones, la mayoría estaba en concordancia con los plazos límite de utilización, fotoprotección, utilización de filtros terminales, control físico-químico por inspección visual y control microbiológico. Conclusiones: Los resultados del presente estudio proporcionan un buen panorama de la práctica de preparación de la NP neonatal en Portugal. La comparación con el Consenso Español permitió identificar los puntos débiles y de mejora.

Neuropsychiatric Features of a Cohort of Patients with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus

In order to establish if neuropsychiatric systemic lupus erythematosus (NPSLE) can be identified by any characteristic other than those used to diagnose the neuropsychiatric (NP) disease itself, we retrospectively reviewed 98 systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients followed over a mean period of 10 years. NPSLE was identified in 22 patients. Stroke and generalized seizures were the most frequent NP manifestations. The NPSLE and non-NPSLE groups were similar with regard to demographic characteristics, ACR criteria, serum autoantibodies, and frequency of hypertension and hypercholesterolemia. Of note, compared to the non-NPSLE group, NPSLE was associated with a higher frequency of smoking (78 versus 26%), organ damage (73 versus 34%), and cumulative mortality rate (14 versus 7%). The series of patients was further analysed according to the presence of antiphospholipid syndrome (APS). Significantly, the interval between the onset of NP disease and SLE diagnosis was shorter in the APS(-) (0.3 ± 1 years) than in the APS(+) (5 ± 7 years) groups. Recurrence and/or persistence of NP events were only documented in the APS(-) group. Overall cumulative mortality was highest in NPSLE and in APS(+) patients with inadequate anticoagulation control, identifying an aspect that requires improved vigilance and the development of novel therapeutic modalities.

First Diabetic Retinopathy Prevalence Study in Portugal: RETINODIAB Study-Evaluation of the Screening Programme for Lisbon and Tagus Valley Region

BACKGROUND/AIMS: In Portugal, so far, there is no study or even accurate data on the prevalence of diabetic retinopathy (DR), based on a large representative sample and on a long-term follow-up. The objective of our study was to determine the prevalence of DR based on a national screening community-based programme. METHODS: A 5-year retrospective analysis of the RETINODIAB screening programme results was implemented in Lisbon and Tagus Valley area between July 2009 and October 2014. We estimated the prevalence of retinopathy for all patients with type 2 diabetes and studied the association between known risk factors and retinopathy emergence at their first screening. RESULTS: Throughout this period, from a total of 103 102 DR readable screening examinations, 52 739 corresponded to patients who attended RETINODIAB screening at entry. Globally, DR was detected in 8584 patients (16.3%). Of these, 5484 patients (10.4%) had mild non-proliferative (NP) DR, 1457 patients (2.8%) had moderate NPDR and 672 (1.3%) had severe NPDR. Finally, 971 patients (1.8%) had proliferative DR requiring urgent referral to an ophthalmologist. The presence of any DR, non-referable DR or referable DR was strongly associated with increasing duration of diabetes and earlier age at diagnosis. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence rate of DR in our study (16.3%) was slightly lower than other published international data. The RETINODIAB network proved to be an effective screening programme as it improved DR screening in Lisbon and Tagus Valley surrounding area

Neuropsychiatric Questionnaires in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus

Patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) can be affected by a multitude of neurologic and psychiatric symptoms with a wide range of prevalence and severity. Irrespectively from attribution to SLE or other causes, neuropsychiatric (NP) symptoms strongly impact short-term and long-term outcomes,thus NP evaluation during routine clinical practice in SLE should be undertaken regularly. The assessment of NP involvement in SLE patients is challenging and the available diagnostic tools fail to guarantee optimal diagnostic accuracy, sensitivity to changes as well as feasibility in routine clinical care. Standardised questionnaires (both physician-administered and self-reported) can offer valuable help to the treating physician to capture all possible NP syndromes; few SLE-specific NP questionnaire have been developed but validation in large cohort or cross-cultural adaptations are still pending. On the other hand, general instruments have been largely applied to SLE patients. Both kinds of questionnaires can address all possible NP manifestations either globally or, more frequently, focus on specific NP symptoms. These latter have been mainly used in SLE to detect and classify mild and subtle symptoms, more likely to be overlooked during routine clinical assessment such as headache, cognitive impairment and psychiatric manifestations. In conclusion, this literature review highlights a clear case for validation studies in this area and the wider implementation of questionnaires to assess NP involvement is still warranted. The broader use of such instruments could have important consequences; first of all, by standardising symptom assessment, a better definition of the prevalence of NP manifestation across different centres could be achieved. Secondly, prospective studies could allow for the evaluation of clinical significance of mild symptoms and their impact on the patient’s function and quality of life.