Avaliação da Analgesia Após Cesariana

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of post-caesarean analgesia comparing three techniques most frequently used. PATIENTS AND METHODS: For three months all pregnant women submitted to elective or urgent caesarean section, under general or regional anaesthesia, were evaluate with a total of 129 parturient. These parturient were divided into three groups with different techniques of postoperative analgesia: Group 1 (n = 26) received intravenous pethidine and paracetamol per os, group 2 (n = 58) received epidural morphine and group 3 (n = 45) epidural morphine and intravenous propacetamol. Pain was assessed at rest and during mobilisation using a scale of 0-without pain, 1-mild pain, 2-moderate pain and 3-severe pain. Overall satisfaction was assessed with a verbal qualitative scale of very good, good, sufficient and bad. Side effects were analysed. RESULTS: The records of pain at rest and during mobilisation were significantly lower with epidural analgesia compared with intravenous pethidine. There were no significant differences between groups 2 and 3. Similar results were observed in the degree of satisfaction. For 50% of parturient of epidural analgesia (groups 2 and 3) and only 4% of intravenous pethidine (group 1) the analgesic technique was very good. Propacetamol and epidural morphine (group 3) had better pain scores (very good and good) when compared with morphine alone (group 2) but there were no significant differences. Epidural morphine was associated with more pruritus. CONCLUSION: From this study we are able to conclude that epidural morphine offers a good quality of analgesia with better satisfaction and minimal side effects.

Fototerapia no Prurido Renal e no Prurido Associado à Infecção pelo VIH

Introdução e Objectivos: A fototerapia (UVB isolados ou em combinação aos UVA) tem-se revelado eficaz no tratamento do prurido grave que complica, frequentemente, a doença renal crónica (DRC) ou a infecção pelo vírus da imunodeficiência humana (VIH). Pretendemos neste estudo avaliar a eficácia e segurança das radiações UVA e UVB de banda-larga, combinadas, no tratamento do prurido refractário associado à DRC e à infecção pelo VIH. Material e métodos: Para tal foi efectuado um estudo retrospectivo e descritivo de 83 doentes (55 com prurido renal e 28 com infecção pelo VIH), que efectuaram 3 sessões/semana de UVAB. Os UVB foram administrados na dose inicial de 20 a 30mJ/cm2 (70% da DEM), aumentados em 30mJ/cm2 por sessão, na ausência de eritema, até à regressão do prurido. As doses iniciais e subsequentes de UVA foram calculadas de acordo com o fototipo, não se ultrapassando a dose máxima de 6J/cm2. Resultados: Os doentes com prurido renal (33 homens e 22 mulheres) tinham em média 57,7 anos de idade, duração da DRC de 8,7 anos e do prurido de 27,8 meses; realizaram, em média 11,1 sessões de fototerapia com doses cumulativas de UVA de 22,9J/cm2 e de UVB de 1900mJ/cm2; verificou-se melhoria do prurido após 5 sessões e alivio completo no final do ciclo; todos os doentes continuavam assintomáticos após período médio de 11,2 meses. Os doentes com infecção VIH (18 homens e 10 mulheres) apresentavam, em média, idade de 40,8 anos, seropositividade conhecida há 2,5 anos, prurido generalizado com duração de 13,4 meses e contagem de CD4 de 177 células/μL; efectuaram, em média, 12,1 sessões de fototerapia, 24,3J/cm2 de UVA e 2000mJ/cm2 de UVB; em 21 doentes constatou-se diminuição do prurido após 5 sessões de UVAB e regressão completa no final do ciclo, permanecendo assintomáticos após período médio de 13,4 meses. Não ocorreram efeitos secundários, excepto pigmentação moderada e eritema ligeiro e transitório. Nos doentes com infecção pelo VIH não se detectou agravamento da imunossupressão. Conclusão: Estes resultados apoiam a eficácia e segurança da fototerapia combinada no controlo do prurido associado à DRC e à infecção pelo VIH, podendo o tratamento de um maior número de doentes confirmar as suas potenciais vantagens em relação aos UVA ou UVB utilizados isoladamente.

Vulvar Lichen Sclerosus: Efficacy of Photodynamic Therapy Under Conscious Sedation with Inhaled 50% Nitrous Oxide and Oxygen Mixture

Anogenital lichen sclerosus is a chronic, inflammatory, mucocutaneous disorder of significant morbidity. Common symptoms include pruritus, pain, dysuria, and dyspareunia, frequently of difficult control. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) may be an effective therapeutic option in selected cases refractory to first--‐line treatment options. However, procedure--‐related pain is a limiting factor in patient adherence to treatment. Conscious sedation and analgesia with a ready--‐to--‐use gas mixture of nitrous oxide and oxygen is useful in short--‐term procedures. It provides a rapid, effective, and short--‐lived effect, without the need for anesthesiology support. A 75--‐year--‐old woman presented with a highly symptomatic, histologically confirmed vulvar lichen sclerosus, with at least 15 years of evolution. Pain, pruritus, and dysuria were intense and disabling. Treatment with ultrapotent topical corticosteroids proved to be ineffective despite patient compliance. She was then referred for PDT. A total of 3 sessions were performed, held at a mean interval of 9 weeks, and under the analgesic and sedative effect of nitrous oxide/oxygen gas. Response to treatment was evaluated through a daily, self--‐reported pain rating scale. Dysuria remitted completely after the first PDT session. An 80% reduction in pruritus and pain was observed after the third session, and has been sustained for the past six months without further need for topical corticotherapy. Treatment sessions were well tolerated and pain-- free, with no side effects to report. PDT appears to be effective in the symptomatic treatment of vulvar lichen sclerosus. To the authors’ knowledge this is the first case reporting the use of inhaled nitrous oxide/oxygen gas mixture during PDT performed in the genital area. Its analgesic and sedative effects may increase patients’ adherence to this painful procedure. Furthermore, given its safety, it can be easily managed in outpatient clinics by trained dermatologists.

Prurido Crónico

O Prurido crónico é um sintoma que tem um impacto significativo na qualidade de vida dos doentes. Pode estar associado a um vasto conjunto de doenças e na maioria dos casos, é difícil conseguir um alívio completo da sintomatologia. A investigação da sua etiologia implica a colheita de uma história clínica meticulosa, bem com a realização do exame objectivo e de exames complementares de diagnóstico. O tratamento do prurido é frequentemente um desafio para o dermatologista e pode incluir a implementação de diferentes terapêuticas. Esta revisão pretende dar ênfase à abordagem clínica e às opções terapêuticas do doente com prurido crónico.

Giant Angiolymphoid Hyperplasia with Eosinophilia on the Chest

Angiolymphoid hyperplasia with eosinophilia is a rare vascular proliferation characterized by single or multiple purplish, brownish papules and subcutaneous nodules, sometimes associated with pain or pruritus. This rare benign process occurs with a female predominance. Approximately 85% of the lesions occur in the skin of the head and neck; most of them are around the ear or on the forehead or scalp. Whether angiolymphoid hyperplasia with eosinophilia represents a benign neoplasm or an unusual reaction to varied stimuli, including trauma, the etiology remains unclear. Histopathologically, the lesions consist of a proliferation of blood vessels of variable size lined by large epithelioid endothelial cells and a variable inflammatory infiltrate of lymphocytes and eosinophils, sometimes with lymphoid follicle formation. The lesion is benign but may be persistent and is difficult to eradicate. We report on a case of a 58-year-old Caucasian man who presented a purplish pink dome-shaped tumor of size up to 8 cm in diameter located on the chest. We emphasize this case considering the unusual dimensions of the lesion (8 cm diameter) and the atypical location on the chest.