Estudo da Distribuição de Factores de Risco para o Desenvolvimento de Doença Ocular Aguda em Portadores de Lentes de Contacto

Objectivo: Estudar os factores de risco (FR) associados a complicações clínicas agudas (CCA) numa amostra de portadores de lentes de contacto (LC). Doentes e Métodos: Análise de todos os doentes com CCA associadas ao uso de LC, que, no período de um ano, recorreram ao SU do Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Central. O estudo focou-se na análise do perfil demográfico e de risco destes doentes. Resultados: Dos 103 doentes referenciados pelo SU foram estudados os que compareceram para seguimento no Departamento de Contactologia (84). A maioria era do sexo feminino, caucasiana e de educação diferenciada. A mediana das idades foi de 29 anos. 15% dos doentes cumpria as horas de uso diário recomendadas e 5% cumpria todas as regras de higiene; 26% dos doentes apresentavam FR oftalmológicos e 58% FR sistémicos. O prescritor das LC foi o médico em 36% e 26% mantinha vigilância médica oftalmológica regular. Comentários: A maioria dos doentes não cumpria as regras de segurança e de higiene do uso de LC, sendo o desconhecimento destas regras elevado. O papel muito reduzido dos médicos oftalmologistas na prescrição de LC e na vigilância dos portadores pode estar na origem do desconhecimento e incumprimento das regras de utilização das LC por parte de alguns doentes.

Results of Surgery for Ebstein Anomaly: a Multicenter Study from the European Congenital Heart Surgeons Association

OBJECTIVE: Since most centers' experience with Ebstein anomaly is limited, we sought to analyze the collective experience of participating institutions of the European Congenital Heart Surgeons Association with surgery for this rare malformation. METHODS: The records of all 150 patients (median age 6.4 years) who underwent surgery for Ebstein anomaly in the 13 participating Association centers between January 1992 and January 2005 were reviewed retrospectively. Patients with congenitally corrected transposition were excluded. RESULTS: Most patients (81%) had Ebstein disease type B or C and significant functional impairment (61% in New York Heart Association class III or IV) and 16% had prior operations. Surgical procedures (n = 179) included valve replacement (n = 60, 33.5%), valve repair (n = 49, 27.3%), 1(1/2) ventricle repair (n = 46, 25.6%), palliative shunt (n = 13, 7.26%), and other complex procedures (n = 11, 6.14%). There were 20 hospital deaths (operative mortality 13.3%) after valve replacement in 5 patients, valve repair in 3, 1(1/2) ventricle repair in 7, palliative procedures in 3, and miscellaneous procedures in 2. Younger age and palliative procedures were univariate risk factors for operative death, but only age was an independent predictor on multivariable analysis. CONCLUSIONS: Most patients coming to surgery presented in childhood and were significantly symptomatic. More than half underwent valve replacement or repair, but a considerable proportion had severe disease necessitating 1(1/2) ventricle repair or palliative procedures. Operative mortality did not differ significantly among repair, replacement, and 1(1/2) ventricle repair but was associated with palliative procedures for severe disease early in life, young age being the only independent predictor of operative death.

Distribuição por Sexos das Cardiopatias Congénitas

Apresenta-se a distribuição por sexos em 4150 crianças, de idade inferior a 13 anos, com cardiopatias congénitas bem definidas, estudadas num periodo de 17 anos. Globalmente a distribuição foi equilibrada, sendo 2108 do fenotipo masculino (50,8%) e 2042 do fenotipo feminino(49,2%), com um quociente Q = 1,03. Verificou-se um predomínio franco do sexo masculino para as seguintes cardiopatias: estenose aórtica valvular e subvalvular fixa (70%), coarctação da aorta(66%), transposição das grandes artérias (60%), coração univentricular (76%), atrésia da tricúspide (63%), anomalia de Ebstein (76%), sindrome do coração esquerdo hipoplásico (85%), aneis vasculares (77%) e estenose médio-ventricular direita (70%). Verificou-se um predomínio franco do sexo feminino para o canal arterial persistente (72%), os defeitos do septo aurículo-ventricular (62%,), a estenose aórtica supravalvular (71%) e a estenose pulmonar infundibular isolada (80%). Confirmou-se uma distribuição muito mais equilibrada para os casos de canal arterial persistente isolado em síndrome de rubéola congénita (56%). Salienta-se a importância de conhecer a distribuição por sexos, por esta ter valor preditivo quanto ao risco de recorrência familiar das cardiopatias congénitas.

Lower Atherosclerotic Burden in Familial Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm

OBJECTIVE: Despite the apparent familial tendency toward abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) formation, the genetic causes and underlying molecular mechanisms are still undefined. In this study, we investigated the association between familial AAA (fAAA) and atherosclerosis. METHODS: Data were collected from a prospective database including AAA patients between 2004 and 2012 in the Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands. Family history was obtained by written questionnaire (93.1% response rate). Patients were classified as fAAA when at least one affected first-degree relative with an aortic aneurysm was reported. Patients without an affected first-degree relative were classified as sporadic AAA (spAAA). A standardized ultrasound measurement of the common carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT), a marker for generalized atherosclerosis, was routinely performed and patients' clinical characteristics (demographics, aneurysm characteristics, cardiovascular comorbidities and risk factors, and medication use) were recorded. Multivariable linear regression analyses were used to assess the mean adjusted difference in CIMT and multivariable logistic regression analysis was used to calculate associations of increased CIMT and clinical characteristics between fAAA and spAAA. RESULTS: A total of 461 AAA patients (85% men, mean age, 70 years) were included in the study; 103 patients (22.3%) were classified as fAAA and 358 patients (77.7%) as spAAA. The mean (standard deviation) CIMT in patients with fAAA was 0.89 (0.24) mm and 1.00 (0.29) mm in patients with spAAA (P = .001). Adjustment for clinical characteristics showed a mean difference in CIMT of 0.09 mm (95% confidence interval, 0.02-0.15; P = .011) between both groups. Increased CIMT, smoking, hypertension, and diabetes mellitus were all less associated with fAAA compared with spAAA. CONCLUSIONS: The current study shows a lower atherosclerotic burden, as reflected by a lower CIMT, in patients with fAAA compared with patients with spAAA, independent of common atherosclerotic risk factors. These results support the hypothesis that although atherosclerosis is a common underlying feature in patients with aneurysms, atherosclerosis is not the primary driving factor in the development of fAAA.