Tuberculose Genital. Uma Causa Rara de Hemorragia Pós-Menopausa

Introdução: A tuberculose continua um problema de saúde pública emergente. A incidência da tuberculose genito-urinária tem vindo a aumentar sendo o segundo local mais comum de infecção a seguir aos pulmões. Caso clínico: Os autores apresentam dois casos de mulheres com hemorragia vaginal pós-menopausa. O exame clínico não revelou alterações. A ecografia pélvica endocavitária detectou a presença de uma lâmina líquida na cavidade endometrial em ambos os casos. A histeroscopia identificou espessamentos focais do endométrio que foram biopsados. O exame anatomopatológico revelou granulomas de células epitelióides sem atipia celular. O exame cultural do endométrio foi positivo para Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Não foi detectado envolvimento de outros órgãos tendo as doentes iniciado terapêutica antibacilar. Conclusão: A tuberculose genital é rara na mulher pós-menopausa sendo responsável por cerca de 1% da hemorragia vaginal pós-menopausa. No entanto, é uma doença curável cujo diagnóstico precoce é importante, prevenindo a utilização de procedimentos invasivos desnecessários.

Mutilação Genital Feminina - a Importância de Reconhecer e de Saber como Agir

Female genital mutilation, also named female genital cutting or female circumcision, refers to all practices involving total or partial removal of female external genitalia, or causing other lesions without an established health benefit. The World Health Organization estimates that 130 million women have been submitted to genital mutilation and 3 million are annually exposed to such risk in Africa. It has classified the practice of female genital mutation in four types. Portugal is considered a risk country for the practice of genital mutilation because of the high migration rates from the African continent, and women from Guinea-Bissau are at particular risk. A multidisciplinary commission published an Action Program in 2009, with measures directed at providing healthcare professionals with information on how to deal with this problem.

Mutilação Genital Feminina: o que Sabem os Profissionais de Saúde?

Portugal is considered by the World Health Organization (WHO) a risk country for the practice of Female Genital Mutilation (FGM). Objectives: To evaluate the knowledge that health professionals from Maternity Dr. Alfredo da Costa (MAC) have regarding FGM. Population and Methods: Analysis of surveys delivered to health professionals from MAC (a hospital dedicated to reproductive health), between April and June 2008, addressing issues related to the knowledge about FGM. Results: Authors collected 112 valid surveys involving 38 doctors, 48 nurses and 26 medical auxiliaries/administrative personnel. From the respondents, 106 (95%) had heard about FMG practice before, the media being the most reported source of information; 59 (53%) replied they could be able to recognize FGM cases in their clinical practice; however, only 31 (28%) claimed to know the FGM type classiication and 32 (29%) admitted to be prepared to recognize and manage these situations in their own clinical practice; 9 had been consulted explicitly by a FGM practice complication and 1 doctor had admitted having been asked to perform/execute FGM; 13 (12%) recognized that the Portuguese legislation its this practice. Regarding the practice of FGM, 100 (89%) of respondentes stated that it should not be maintained and 97 (87%) stated that it should not be tolerated. However, 42 (38%) considered that if these practices were a reality, then they should be medical assisted. Discussion: Health professionals can play an important role in eliminating the practice of FGM, not only by the proper clinical management of this situation, but also by preventing those communities at risk to resort to FGM. Most health professionals are not prepared to deal with FGM in their clinical practice. It is important to promote a better knowledge on the subject and to create protocols for proper clinical management.

Neuroendocrine Tumours of the Female Genital Tract: a Case-Based Imaging Review with Pathological Correlation

BACKGROUND: Both primary and secondary gynaecological neuroendocrine (NE) tumours are uncommon, and the literature is scarce concerning their imaging features. METHODS: This article reviews the epidemiological, clinical and imaging features with pathological correlation of gynaecological NE tumours. RESULTS: The clinical features of gynaecological NE tumours are non-specific and depend on the organ of origin and on the extension and aggressiveness of the disease. The imaging approach to these tumours is similar to that for other histological types and the Revised International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) Staging System also applies to NE tumours. Neuroendocrine tumours were recently divided into two groups: poorly differentiated neuroendocrine carcinomas (NECs) and well-differentiated neuroendocrine tumours (NETs). NECs include small cell carcinoma and large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma, while NETs account for typical and atypical carcinoids. Cervical small cell carcinoma and ovarian carcinoid are the most common gynaecological NE tumours. The former typically behaves aggressively; the latter usually behaves in a benign fashion and tends to be confined to the organ. CONCLUSION: While dealing with ovarian carcinoids, extra-ovarian extension, bilaterality and multinodularity raise the suspicion of metastatic disease. NE tumours of the endometrium and other gynaecological locations are very rare. TEACHING POINTS: • Primary or secondary neurondocrine (NE) tumours of the female genital tract are rare. • Cervical small cell carcinoma and ovarian carcinoids are the most common gynaecological NE tumours. • Cervical small cell carcinomas usually behave aggressively. • Ovarian carcinoids tend to behave in a benign fashion. • The imaging approach to gynaecological NE tumours and other histological types is similar.