Aracnoidite Adesiva Lombar

Spinal arachnoiditis, an inflammatory process involving all three meningeal layers as well as the nerve roots, is a cause of persistent symptoms in 6% to 16% of postoperative patients. Although spinal surgery is the most common antecedent associated with arachnoiditis, multiple causes have been reported, including infection, intrathecal steroids or anesthetic agents, trauma, subarachnoid hemorrhage and ionic myelographic contrast material--both oil soluble and water soluble. In the past, oil-based intrathecal contrast agents (Pantopaque) were associated with arachnoiditis especially when this material was introduced into the thecal sac and mixed with blood. Arachnoiditis is apparently rarely idiopathic. The pathogenesis of spinal arachnoiditis is similar to the repair process of serous membranes, such as the peritoneum, with a negligible inflammatory cellular exudate and a prominent fibrinous exudate. Chronic adhesive arachnoiditis of the lower spine is a myelographic diagnosis. The myelographic findings of arachnoiditis were divided into two types by Jorgensen et al. In type 1, "the empty thecal sac" appearance, there is homogeneous filling of the thecal sac with either absence of or defects involving nerve root sleeve filling. In type 2 arachnoiditis, there are localized or diffuse filling defects within the contrast column. MRI has demonstrated a sensitivity of 92% and a specificity of 100% in the diagnosis of arachnoiditis. The appearance of arachnoiditis on MRI can be assigned to three main groups. The MRI findings in group I are a conglomeration of adherent roots positioned centrally in the thecal sac. Patients in group II show roots peripherally adherent to the meninges--the so called empty sac. MRI findings in group III are a soft tissue mass within the subarachnoid space. It corresponds to the type 2 categorization defined by Jorgensen et al, where as the MRI imaging types I and II correspond to the myelographic type 1.

Hiperlordose Lombar

Objectivos: Pretendeu-se fazer uma revisão da literatura disponível sobre hiperlordose lombar: apresentar uma definição, abordar a etiopatogenia, o diagnóstico e enunciar a classificação etiológica, descrevendo para cada forma as suas particularidades, fisiopatologia, clínica e tratamento, incidindo na reabilitação. Material e Métodos: Foram pesquisados livros de texto de referência de Medicina Física e de Reabilitação (MFR) e artigos de bases de dados electrónicas, utilizando os termos “hiperlordose lombar”, “hiperlordose”, “lordose lombar” e “lordose”. Limitou-se a procura a artigos de revisão publicados na língua inglesa ou francesa, em que o termo utilizado constasse no título, resumo e/ou palavras-chave e em que estivesse disponível o resumo e o artigo completo. Após a selecção de informação, o suporte bibliográfico constou em 4 capítulos de livros de texto e 40 artigos científicos. Resultados: A lordose lombar é uma curva no plano sagital da coluna lombar com vértice anterior, que pode ser medida na radiografia de perfil, utilizando o método de Cobb. A Scoliosis Research Society (SRS) estipulou como ângulos fisiológicos o intervalo entre 31º e 79º. O diagnóstico de hiperlordose lombar é estabelecido quando se identifica uma curva com um ângulo superior ao fisiológico. Esta patologia é mais frequentemente assintomática, embora se possa manifestar por lombalgia e diminuição da flexibilidade da coluna lombar. De acordo com a SRS, pode ser classificada em postural (forma mais frequente), congénita (devido a anomalias do desenvolvimento embrionário vertebral), pós-laminectomia (iatrogénica), neuromuscular (resultando de desequilíbrios do tónus e da força muscular), secundária a contractura em flexão da anca e associada a outras causas. As formas associadas a espondilólise (frequente em adolescentes que praticam desportos que envolvem hiperextensão lombar repetitiva) e espondilolistese (atribuível a múltiplas etiologias) foram incluídas na classificação por vários autores. A abordagem da MFR no tratamento da hiperlordose lombar pode envolver medidas gerais, cinesiterapia e utilização de ortóteses; alguns casos têm indicação cirúrgica. Conclusões: A hiperlordose lombar é uma alteração estática da coluna de diagnóstico simples, assente no exame físico e confirmação radiológica. A intervenção da MFR tem um papel preponderante na detecção desta patologia e no benefício das suas opções terapêuticas, visando a melhoria da qualidade de vida dos doentes.

Meningite Assética Associada à Terapêutica com Imunoglobulina Endovenosa

Aseptic meningitis can be an adverse drug reaction to intravenous immunoglobulin. We describe a previously healthy 4-yearold boy, admitted for idiopathic thrombocytopaenic purpura. He received two infusions of intravenous immunoglobulin. Four hours after the last administration the patient developed a meningeal syndrome. Analysis of cerebrospinal fluid revealed 500 cells/μl (predominantly neutrophils) and normal biochemistry. Bacteriological and virological tests were negative. After 48h he was asymptomatic. Given the absence of other aetiological factors and the temporal relationship between the administration of immunoglobulin and the development of symptoms, we believe the patient had an aseptic meningitis related to intravenous immunoglobulin. This therapy may cause headache, fever and vomiting; however, lumbar puncture is not usually performed, so this complication may be underdiagnosed.

Fractures in Children and Adolescents with Spina Bifida: The Experience of a Portuguese Tertiary-Care Hospital

AIM: The morbidity associated with osteoporosis and fractures in children and adolescents with spina bifida highlights the importance of osteoporosis prevention and treatment in these patients. The aim of this study was to examine the occurrence and pattern of bone fractures in paediatric patients with spina bifida. METHOD: We reviewed the data of all paediatric patients with spina bifida who were treated in our centre between 1999 and 2008. RESULTS: One hundred and thirteen patients were included in the study (63 females, 50 males; mean age 10y 8mo, SD 4y 10mo, range 6mo-18y). The motor levels were thoracic in six, upper lumbar in 22, lower lumbar in 42, and sacral in 43 patients. Of the 113 patients, 58 (51.3%) had shunted hydrocephalus. Thirty-six (31.8%) were non-ambulatory (wheelchair-dependent [unable to self-propel wheelchair] n=3, wheelchair-independent [able to self-propel wheelchair] n=33), 13 were partial ambulators, 61 were full ambulators, and three were below the age of walking. Forty-five fractures were reported in 25 patients. The distal femur was the most common fracture site. Statistical analyses showed that patients with higher levels of involvement and in wheelchairs had a significantly increased risk of having a [corrected] fracture (p<0.001). Spontaneous fractures were the principal mechanism of injury, and an association was identified between fracture mechanism, type of ambulation, and lesion level: the fractures of patients with higher levels of motor functioning and those in wheelchairs were mainly pathological (p=0.01). We identified an association between risk of a second fracture, higher motor level lesion, and non-ambulation. There was an increased risk of having a second fracture after a previous spontaneous fracture (p=0.004). INTERPRETATION: Data in this study indicate a high prevalence of fractures in patients with spina bifida.