Long-Term Evaluation of Recurrence after Photodynamic Therapy with Topical Methyl Aminolevulinate for Non-Melanoma Skin Cancer: a Hospital-Based Study

Introduction & Objectives: Several factors may influence the decision to pursue nonsurgical modalities for the treatment of non-melanoma skin cancer. Topical photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a non-invasive alternative treatment reported to have a high efficacy when using standardized protocols in Bowen’s disease (BD), superficial basal cell carcinoma (BCC) and in thin nodular BCC. However, long-term recurrence studies are lacking. The aim of this study was to evaluate the long-term efficacy of PDT with topical methylaminolevulinate (MAL) for the treatment of BD and BCC in a dermato-oncology department. Materials & Methods: All patients with the diagnosis of BD or BCC, treated with MAL-PDT from the years 2004 to 2008, were enrolled. Treatment protocol included two MAL-PDT sessions one week apart repeated at three months when incomplete response, using a red light dose of 37-40 J/cm2 and an exposure time of 8’20’’. Clinical records were retrospectively reviewed, and data regarding age, sex, tumour location, size, treatment outcomes and recurrence were registered. Descriptive analysis was performed using chi square tests, followed by survival analysis with the Kaplan-Meier and Cox regression models. Results: Sixty-eight patients (median age 71.0 years, P25;P75=30;92) with a total of 78 tumours (31 BD, 45 superficial BCC, 2 nodular BCC) and a median tumour size of 5 cm2 were treated. Overall, the median follow-up period was 43.5 months (P25;P75=0;100), and a total recurrence rate of 33.8% was observed (24.4 % for BCC vs. 45.2% for BD). Estimated recurrence rates for BCC and BD were 5.0% vs. 7.4% at 6 months, 23.4% vs. 27.9% at 12 months, and 30.0% vs. 72.4% at 60 months. Both age and diagnosis were independent prognostic factors for recurrence, with significantly higher estimated recurrence rates in patients with BD (p=0.0036) or younger than 58 years old (p=0.039). The risk of recurrence (hazard ratio) was 2.4 times higher in patients with BD compared to superficial BCC (95% CI:1.1-5.3; p=0.033), and 2.8 times higher in patients younger than 58 years old (95% CI:1.2-6.5; p=0.02). Conclusions: In the studied population, estimated recurrence rates are higher than those expected from available literature, possibly due to a longer follow-up period. To the authors’ knowledge there is only one other study with a similar follow-up period, regarding BCC solely. BD, as an in situ squamous cell carcinoma, has a higher tendency to recur than superficial BCC. Despite greater cosmesis, PDT might no be the best treatment option for young patients considering their higher risk of recurrence.

Recidiva de Cancro Cutâneo Não-Melanoma após Terapêutica Fotodinâmica num Serviço de Dermatologia

Introdução: São escassos os estudos de eficácia a longo prazo da terapêutica fotodinâmica(TFD) no tratamento da doença de Bowen (DB) e do carcinoma basocelular (CBC). Objectivos: Determinar a eficácia a longo prazo da TFD com metilaminolevulinato (MAL) no tratamento da DB e do CBC pela análise de recidiva. Material e método: Foram analisados retrospectivamente os processos clínicos de doentes com o diagnóstico de DB ou CBC tratados com TFD-MAL num serviço de Dermato- Oncologia entre 2004 e 2008. Foi efectuada a análise descritiva dos dados pelo teste do chiquadrado, seguida da análise de sobrevivência pelos métodos de Kaplan-Meier e regressão de Cox. Resultados: Foram tratados 68 doentes (mediana etária 71 anos, P25;P75=30;92) com um total de 78 tumores (31 DB, 45 CBC superficiais, 2 CBC nodulares finos). No período de seguimento efectuado (mediana 43,5 meses, P25;P75=0;100) observou-se uma taxa de recidiva de 25% no CBC e 45,2% na DB. As taxas de recidiva estimadas para os CBC e DB foram de 5,0% vs. 7,4% aos 6 meses, 23,4% vs. 27,9% aos 12 meses e de 30,0% vs. 72,4% aos 60 meses. Idade e diagnóstico constituíram factores independentes de prognóstico, com taxas de recidiva significativamente maiores nos doentes com DB (p=0,0036) ou com menos de 58 anos (p=0,039). De modo semelhante, o risco de recidiva foi 2,4 vezes superior nos doentes com DB face àqueles com CBC (p=0,033) e 2,8 vezes maior em doentes com menos de 58 anos (p=0,02). Conclusões: Na população estudada, a taxa de recidiva foi superior àquela encontrada na literatura. A TFD pode não ser a melhor opção para o tratamento do cancro cutâneo nãomelanoma em doentes mais jovens, em particular na doença de Bowen. Apesar do melhor resultado cosmético, o risco de recidiva deve ser equacionado e a escolha terapêutica deve ser ponderada caso a caso.

The Oncological and Functional Risks of the Organ Preservation Experimental Treatment Approach

We increasingly face conservative surgery for rectal cancer and even the so called ‘wait and see’ approach, as far as 10–20% patients can reach a complete pathological response at the time of surgery. But what can we say to our patients about risks? Standard surgery with mesorectal excision gives a <2% local recurrence with a post operative death rate of 2–8% (may reach 30% at 6 months in those over 85), but low AR has some deterioration in bowel function and in low cancer a permanent stoma may be required. Also a long-term impact on urinary and sexual function is possible. Distant metastasis rate seem to be identical in the standard and conservative approach. It is difficult to evaluate conservative approach because a not clear standardization of surgery for low rectal cancer. Rullier et al tried to clarify, and they found identical results for recurrence (5–9%), disease free survival (70%) at 5y for coloanal anastomosis and intersphinteric resection. Other series have found local recurrence higher than with standard approach and functional results may be worse and, in some situations, salvage therapy is compromised or has more complications. In this context, functional outcomes are very important but most studies are incomplete in measuring bowel function in the context of conservative approach. In 2005 Temple et al made a survey of 122/184 patient after sphinter preserving surgery and found a 96.9% of incomplete evacuation, 94.4% clustering, 93.2% food affecting frequency, 91.8% gas incontinence and proposed a systematic evaluation with a specific questionnaire. In which concerns ‘Wait and see’ approach for complete clinical responders, it was first advocated by Habr Gama for tumors up to 7cm, with a low locoregional failure of 4.6%, 5y overall survival 96%, 72% for disease free survival; one fifth of patients failed in the first year; a Dutch trial had identical results but others had worse recurrence rates; in other series 25% of patients could not be salvaged even with APR; 30% have subsequent metastatic disease what seems equal for ‘wait and see’ and operated patients. In a recent review Glynne Jones considers that all the evaluated ‘wait and see’ studies are heterogeneous in staging, inclusion criteria, design and follow up after chemoradiation and that there is the suggestion that patients who progress while under observation fare worse than those resected. He proposes long-term observational studies with more uniform inclusion criteria. We are now facing a moment where we may be more aggressive in early cancer and neoadjuvant treatment to be more conservative in the subsequent treatment but we need a better stratification of patients, better evaluation of results and more clear prognostic markers.

Potencialidades do Retalho Nasogeniano

O retalho nasogeniana é uma excelente técnica reconstrutiva para reparar os defeitos do terço médio do face, sobretudo os defeitos do nariz. Os autores descrevem neste artigo cinco casos clínicos de doentes que apresentavam tumores da pálpebra inferior,asa do nariz, junção nasolabial, lábio inferior e cavidade bucal, operados no Instituto Português de Oncologia Francisco Gentil de Lisboa. Nenhum dos doentes foi submetido a um segundo tempo operatório paro correcção de defeitos secundários quer na região dadora quer na região receptora. Os bons resultados alcançados enfatizam a importância deste retalho, quando tecnicamente bem executado.