The Impact of Multifocal Intraocular Lens in Retinal Imaging with Optical Coherence Tomography

Multifocal intraocular lenses (MF IOLs) have concentric optical zones with different dioptric power, enabling patients to have good visual acuity at multiple focal points. However, several optical limitations have been attributed to this particular design. The purpose of this study is to access the effect of MF IOLs design on the accuracy of retinal optical coherence tomography (OCT). Cross-sectional study conducted at the Refractive Surgery Department of Central Lisbon Hospital Center. Twenty-three eyes of 15 patients with a diffractive MF IOL and 27 eyes of 15 patients with an aspheric monofocal IOL were included in this study. All patients underwent OCT macular scans using Heidelberg Spectralis®. Macular thickness and volume values and image quality (Q factor) were compared between the two groups. There were no statistically significant differences between both groups regarding macular thickness or volume measurements. Retinal OCT image quality was significantly lower in the MF IOL group (p < 0.01). MF IOLs are associated with a significant decrease in OCT image quality. However, this fact does not seem to compromise the accuracy of spectral domain OCT retinal measurements.

Contribuição da Microscopia Confocal In Vivo para o Diagnóstico e Follow-Up de Neoplasias Conjuntivais Intraepiteliais

Objectivo: Analisar o contributo da microscopia confocal in vivo para o diagnóstico efollow-up de neoplasias conjuntivais intraepiteliais. Métodos: Avaliámos 5 doentes com neoplasia conjuntival intraepitelial unilateral com o Heidelberg Retina Tomograph II, Rostock Cornea Module. Três doentes foram submetidos a excisão com crioterapia adjuvante, um doente a excisão com crioterapia adjuvante e ciclos de IFN-a2b e um doente a excisão simples e ciclos de IFN-a2b. As imagens de microscopia confocal foram comparadas com a histologia das mesmas lesões. 0 follow-up clínico, através de fotografias do segmento anterior, foi comparado com os achados da microscopia confocal. Resultados: Três dos doentes foram identificados histologicamente como neoplasia intraepitelial de alto grau e dois como carcinoma in situ. As características histológicas descritas correlacionam- se bem com as visíveis à microscopia confocal: alteração da estrutura do epitélio com acantose, disqueratose, pleomorfismo celular, aumento da refletibilidade celular e nuclear, com relação núcleo/citoplasma aumentada e por vezes binucleação. A lesão é bem delimitada e os plexos nervosos sob a lesão não são visíveis. A microscopia confocal identificou uma recidiva e demonstrou-se útil na monitorização da resposta ao tratamento. Conclusão: A microscopia confocal ill vivo pode ter um papel importante não só no diagnóstico inicial como também na deteção de recidivas e na avaliação da resposta ao tratamento, de uma forma minimamente invasiva.

Gene Expression Profiling and Association Studies Implicate the Neuregulin Signaling Pathway in Behçet's Disease Susceptibility

Behçet's disease (BD) is a complex disease with genetic and environmental risk factors implicated in its etiology; however, its pathophysiology is poorly understood. To decipher BD's genetic underpinnings, we combined gene expression profiling with pathway analysis and association studies. We compared the gene expression profiles in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of 15 patients and 14 matched controls using Affymetrix microarrays and found that the neuregulin signaling pathway was over-represented among the differentially expressed genes. The Epiregulin (EREG), Amphiregulin (AREG), and Neuregulin-1 (NRG1) genes of this pathway stand out as they are also among the top differentially expressed genes. Twelve haplotype tagging SNPs at the EREG-AREG locus and 15 SNPs in NRG1 found associated in at least one published BD genome-wide association study were tested for association with BD in a dataset of 976 Iranian patients and 839 controls. We found a novel association with BD for the rs6845297 SNP located downstream of EREG, and replicated three associations at NRG1 (rs4489285, rs383632, and rs1462891). Multifactor dimensionality reduction analysis indicated the existence of epistatic interactions between EREG and NRG1 variants. EREG-AREG and NRG1, which are members of the epidermal growth factor (EGF) family, seem to modulate BD susceptibility through main effects and gene–gene interactions. These association findings support a role for the EGF/ErbB signaling pathway inBD pathogenesis that warrants further investigation and highlight the importance of combining genetic and genomic approaches to dissect the genetic architecture of complex diseases.