Pulmonar Vascular Changes in the Plain Chest Film of Cardiac Patients

The correct interpretation of chest film on cardiac patients is very important. The most important feature is the radiographic appearance of the pulmonary vascularity. Four different patterns of pulmonary vascularity are considered: normal, decreased, increased and uneven. The different diseases associated with each type are mentioned. From the pulmonary vascular pattern one can deduct hemodynamic data which are important for the diagnosis, grade of severity and follow-up.

Etiologia das Cardiopatias Congénitas. Ocorrência em Familiares

Num total de 2806 crianças de idade inferior a 13 anos portadoras de cardiopatia congénita isolada e observadas durante um período de 14 anos e 2 meses, averiguou-se a ocorrência de cardiopatias congénitas nos seus familiares, globalmente e pelos diversos graus de parentesco. Os resultados obtidos mostram maior ocorrência de cardiopatias congénitas nos familiares dos propositi (1,32%) que na população em geral (0,8%). A ocorrência foi de 1,28% nos familiares de 1º grau e de 1,38% nos restantes. Verificou-se a existência de cardiopatias congénitas concordantes entre os familiares de 1º grau. A taxa média global de concordância encontrada foi de 22,64%. Não houve correlação significativa entre as cardiopatias discordantes. Os resultados obtidos permitem que, na maioria dos casos, possa ser dada uma opinião favorável no que respeita ao aconselhamento genético.

Cardiopatias Congénitas e Síndromes

Procurou-se a probabilidade de cada tipo de cardiopatia congénita ocorrer como parte de síndromes malformativas. Estudaram-se em 14 anos 3027 crianças de idade inferior a 13 anos, com diagnóstico definitivo de cardiopatias congénitas bem definidas. A ocorrência de síndromes verificou-se em 208 casos (6,87%). Esta percentagem foi maior nas crianças com fenótipo feminino (8,22%) do que nas crianças com fenótipo masculino (5,51%). Enquadraram-se em síndromes, em percentagens muito superiores os defeitos do septo aurículo-ventricular (38,61%), a atrésia da pulmonar com (16,13%) e sem comunicação inter-ventricular (18,18%), as estenoses das artérias pulmonares (84,21%), a estenose aórtica supravalvular (69,23%) e as dextrocardias com cardiopatia (10%). Englobaram-se em síndromes, em percentagens inferiores a comunicação inter-ventricular, a estenose pulmonar valvular, a tetralogia de Fallot, a estenose aórtica, a comunicação inter-auricular e a coarctação da aorta. A transposição completa dos grandes vasos e outras cardiopatias congénitas mais raras não fizeram parte de síndromes.

Recommendations for Vaccination in Adult Patients with Systemic Inflammatory Rheumatic Diseases from the Portuguese Society of Rheumatology

Serious infections are a major cause of morbidity and mortality in systemic inflammatory rheumatic disease (SIRD) patients. Although vaccination may prevent numerous infections, vaccination uptake rates are low in this group of patients. OBJECTIVES: To develop evidence-based recommendations for vaccination in SIRD patients. METHODS: We searched MEDLINE (until 31 October 2014) and EMBASE (until 14 December 2014) databases, as well as the ACR and EULAR congress abstracts (2011-2014). Patients with any systemic inflammatory rheumatic disease were included and all vaccines were considered. Any safety and efficacy outcomes were admitted. Search results were submitted to title and abstract selection, followed by detailed review of suitable studies. Data were subsequently pooled according to the type of vaccine and the SIRD considered. Results were presented and discussed by a multidisciplinary panel and systematic literature review (SLR)-derived recommendations were voted according to the Delphi method. The level of agreement among rheumatologists was assessed using an online survey. RESULTS: Eight general and seven vaccine-specific recommendations were formulated. Briefly, immunization status should routinely be assessed in all SIRD patients. The National Vaccination Program should be followed and some additional vaccines are recommended. To maximize the efficacy of vaccination, vaccines should preferably be administered 4 weeks before starting immunosuppression or, if possible when disease activity is controlled. Non-live vaccines are safe in SIRD, including immunosuppressed patients. The safety of live attenuated vaccines in immunosuppressed patients deserves further ascertainment, but might be considered in particular situations. DISCUSSION: The present recommendations combine scientific evidence with the multidisciplinary expertise of our taskforce panel and attained desirable agreement among Portuguese rheumatologists. Vaccination recommendations need to be updated on a regular basis, as more scientific data regarding vaccination efficacy and safety, emergent infectious threats, new vaccines as well as new immunomodulatory therapies become available.