Broncoscopia no Recém-Nascido: Análise Retrospectiva de 67 Casos e Revisão das Indicações

A disponibilidade de broncoscópios cada vez mais sofisticados e versáteis tem alargado o espectro das indicações da endoscopia das vias aéreas no recém-nascido, quer no âmbito diagnóstico, quer terapêutico. Com este trabalho procede-se à análise retrospectiva das broncoscopias realizadas em recém-nascidos e revê-se as indicações desta técnica neste grupo etário. Durante o período de 13 anos foram realizadas 67 broncoscopias em 63 pacientes, o que permitiu o diagnóstico de 45 anomalias e malformações da árvore traqueo-brônquica e a realização de 24 lavados bronco-alveolares. Foi possível resolver atelectasia persistente por remoção endoscópica de secreções em seis casos e, num recém-nascido com atrésia do esófago, definir o trajecto fistuloso por canulação da fístula durante a cirurgia. O broncoscópio flexível foi preferencialmente utilizado para o diagnóstico por visualização directa e o rígido para a realização de alguns procedimentos diagnósticos e terapêuticos. Entre as principais indicações da broncoscopia destacam-se: estridor, acesso não explicado de cianose, hemoptise, imagens pulmonares persistentes ou recidivantes, dificuldades na entubação e na extubação e perturbação persistente da ventilação. A broncoscopia permite ainda a realização de técnicas subsidiárias, como o lavado broncoalveolar,a biópsia e a terapia com laser.

Temporomandibular Joint Ankylosis in an Infant: A Rare Cause of Difficult Airway

1.Pre-assessment data of the patient A 2-year-old boy, weighing 15 kg was admitted with a history of limited mouth opening(inter-incisor distance of 6 mm), hypoplastic and retrognathic mandible (bird face deformity) and facial asymmetry from left temporomandibular joint ankylosis (TMJA). He was born at term, after an uneventful pregnancy, and there was no report of trauma during caesarean section. No other possible aetiologies were identified. He was scheduled for mandibular osteotomy. Preoperative ENT examination revealed adenotonsillar hypertrophy. 2. Anaesthetic Plan A fiberoptic nasal intubation was performed under deep inhalation anaesthesia with sevoflurane, with the patient breathing spontaneously. Midazolam (0.05 mg.kg-1) and alfentanil (0.03 mg.kg-1) were given and anaesthesia was maintained with O2/air and sevoflurane. No neuromuscular blocking agent was administered since the surgical team needed facial nerve monitoring. 3. Description of incident During surgery an accidental extubation occurred and an attempt was made to reintubate the trachea by direct laryngoscopy. Although the osteotomy was nearly completed, the vocal cords could not be visualized (Cormack-Lehane grade IV laryngoscopic view). 4. Solving the problem Re-intubation was finally accomplished with the flexible fiberscope and the procedure was concluded without any more incidents. Extubation was performed 24 hours postoperatively with the patient fully awake. After surgery mouth opening improved to inter-incisor gap of 15 mm. 5. Lessons learned and take home message Two airways issues present in this case can lead to difficultventilation and intubation: TMJA and adenotonsillar hypertrophy. These difficulties were anticipated and managed accordingly. The accidental extubation brought to our attention the fact that, even after surgical correction, this airway remains challenging. Even with intensive jaw stretchingexercises there is a high incidence of re-ankylosis, especially in younger patients. One should bear that in mind when anaesthetizing patients with TMJA.

Implant Site Nexplanon Reaction?

Nexplanon (Schering-Plough Limited/Merck Sharp & Dohme Limited (MSD)) is a long active reversible contraceptive method that provides effective contraception for 3 years. It consists of a single, flexible, rod-shaped implant, containing 68 mg etonogestrel. It is 4 cm long, consists of an ethylene vinyl acetate copolymer, a non-absorbable material, and also contains 15 mg of barium sulfate, which makes it visible by X-ray. We describe a case of a 39-year-old woman who experienced a local reaction to the barium sulfate in Nexplanon. She was given medical treatment, but only the removal of the implant resolved the symptoms. After removal there was gradual improvement and 72 h later the patient was asymptomatic. Allergic reaction to barium sulfate is extremely rare: until now, there have only been two cases associated with Nexplanon described in the literature.