Implementação de um Programa de Gestão de Quedas em Contexto Pediátrico

Objetivo - Traduzir e validar o instrumento de avaliação de risco de queda em crianças hospitalizadas “Humpty Dumpty Falls Scale”, contribuindo para um melhor conhecimento desta realidade, para a redução de potenciais lesões e aumento da segurança do doente. Metodologia - Foi realizado um estudo descritivo, com uma abordagem qualitativa e tendo uma amostra não probabilística. Foi igualmente um estudo casuístico das quedas no hospital em questão. Resultados - Verificou-se que existe uma distribuição homogénea quer em termos de score de risco quer de género. Verificou-se que o risco mais elevado é na população abaixo dos três anos. As quedas reais seguem o mesmo padrão de maior frequência nas crianças avaliadas com “Alto Risco”, com idade inferior a três anos e do sexo masculino. Nestas crianças a queda não está associada ao estado de saúde ou medicação, mas sim ao desenvolvimento. O nível de lesão é baixo e a maioria das crianças cai na presença dos pais durante a realização de atividades da vida diária. Conclusões – A escala corresponde ao objetivo pretendido, permite sistematizar a informação e é sensível à população a que se destina.

Economic Evaluation of Ticagrelor for Secondary Prevention Following Acute Coronary Syndromes

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: To estimate the cost-effectiveness and cost-utility of ticagrelor in the treatment of patients with acute coronary syndromes (unstable angina or myocardial infarction with or without ST-segment elevation), including patients treated medically and those undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention or coronary artery bypass grafting. METHODS: A short-term decision tree and a long-term Markov model were used to simulate the evolution of patients' life-cycles. Clinical effectiveness data were collected from the PLATO trial and resource use data were obtained from the Hospital de Santa Marta database, disease-related group legislation and the literature. RESULTS: Ticagrelor provides increases of 0.1276 life years and 0.1106 quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) per patient. From a societal perspective these clinical gains entail an increase in expenditure of €610. Thus the incremental cost per life year saved is €4780 and the incremental cost per QALY is €5517. CONCLUSIONS: The simulation results show that ticagrelor reduces events compared to clopidogrel. The costs of ticagrelor are partially offset by lower costs arising from events prevented. The use of ticagrelor in clinical practice is therefore cost-effective compared to generic clopidogrel.

Adhesion Prevention in Laparoscopic Surgery

Adhesions have important consequences for patients, surgeons, and health services. Peritonealtissue injury can be prevented by using careful surgical techniques. A large number of antiadhesion products have been used experimentally and clinically to prevent postoperative adhesions. Methods: The current author reviewed the surgical literature published about epidemiology, pathogenesis, and various prevention strategies of adhesion formation. Results: Meticulous surgery is essential to reduce unnecessary morbidity and mortality rates from these untoward effects of surgery. Several preventive agents against postoperative peritoneal adhesions have been investigated. Bioresorbable membranes are site-specific antiadhesion products but may be more difficult to use laparoscopically. Liquids and gels have the advantage of more-widespread areas of action and increased ease of use, particularly during laparoscopic operations. Effective pharmacologic agents that can reduce release of proinflammatory cytokines or activate peritoneal fibrinolysis are under development. Their results are encouraging but most of them are contradictory. Conclusions: Many modalities are being studied to reduce this risk; despite initial promising results of different measures in postoperative adhesion prevention, none of them have become standard applications. With the current state of knowledge, preclinical or clinical studies are still necessary to evaluate the effectiveness of the several proposed prevention strategies for avoiding postoperative peritoneal adhesions.