Investigation and Control of a Large Outbreak of Multi-Drug Resistant Tuberculosis at a Central Lisbon Hospital

An increase in the number of new cases of tuberculosis (TB) combined with poor clinical outcome was identified among HIV-infected injecting drug users attending a large HIV unit in central Lisbon. A retrospective epidemiological and laboratory study was conducted to review all newly diagnosed cases of TB from 1995 to 1996 in the HIV unit. Results showed that from 1995 to 1996, 63% (109/173) of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates from HIV-infected patients were resistant to one or more anti-tuberculosis drugs; 89% (95) of these were multidrug-resistant, i.e., resistant to at least isoniazid and rifampicin. Eighty percent of the multidrug-resistant strains (MDR) available for restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) DNA fingerprinting clustered into one of two large clusters. Epidemiological data support the conclusion that the transmission of MDR-TB occurred among HIV-infected injecting drug users exposed to infectious TB cases on open wards in the HIV unit. Improved infection control measures on the HIV unit and the use of empirical therapy with six drugs once patients were suspected to have TB, reduced the incidence of MDR-TB from 42% of TB cases in 1996 to 11% in 1999.

Preservativo: Falar Para Não Esquecer

Qual a verdadeira protecção conferida pelo preservativo na transmissão das doenças sexualmente transmitidas (DST) ou no evitar de uma gravidez não desejada? Quais os factores implicados na sua falha? Como lidar com a alergia? Está aumentado o risco de pré-eclâmpsia nas utilizadoras deste método? São estas e outras questões que as autoras se propõem responder neste artigo que constitui uma revisão teórica dos estudos recentes sobre este tema.