57 resultados para Diagnóstico supervisión


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O electroencefalograma (EEG) é um método não invasivo, económico e acessível, universalmente utilizado na investigação da epilepsia. Realizámos uma revisão dos principais trabalhos sobre a prevalência de actividade epileptiforme em EEGs de doentes epilépticos e não epilépticos, com o objectivo de tirar conclusões sobre a sensibilidade e especificidade deste exame no diagnóstico de epilepsia. Concluímos que o primeiro EEG tem uma sensibilidade global de 50-55% podendo atingir os 92% com a repetição do exame e recurso a registos de sono e técnicas de activação. A especificidade atinge os 96%, sendo afectada por múltiplos factores.

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INTRODUCTION: Transthoracic echocardiography is the method of choice for the diagnosis of cardiac myxomas, but the transesophageal approach provides a better definition of the location and characteristics of the tumor. The authors review their thirteen years' experience on the echocardiographic diagnosis of this pathology. METHODS: From 1994 to 2007, 41 cardiac tumors were diagnosed in our echocardiographic laboratory, of which 27 (65.85%) were cardiac myxomas. The exams and the patients' clinical files were retrospectively reviewed. RESULTS: Of the 27 patients, 22 (81.5%) were female, with a mean age of 62.1 +/- 13.6 years (25-84 years). The predominant clinical features were due to the obstruction caused by the tumor in more than two thirds of the patients, followed by constitutional symptoms in one third and embolic events in 30%. In the lab results, anemia was found in three patients and elevated sedimentation rate and CRP in two. In two patients the myxoma was found by chance. All the cases were of the sporadic type, although we found a prevalence of thyroid disease of 14% (4 patients). All patients underwent urgent surgical resection except one, in whom surgery was refused due to advanced age and comorbidities. The myxomas followed a typical distribution with 24 (88.8%) located in the left atrium, 18 of them attached to the atrial septum (AS) and two to the mitral valve. In one patient, the tumor involved both atria. The other two cases originated in the right atrium at the AS. Embolic phenomena were more frequent in small tumors (p = 0.027) and in those with a villous appearance (p = 0.032). Obstructive manifestations were associated with larger tumors (p = 0.046) and larger left atria (p = 0.048). In our series, there were no deaths during hospitalization or in the follow-up period of 5.2 +/- 3.7 years in 19 patients. There were two recurrences, both patients being successfully reoperated. CONCLUSION: Myxoma is the most common cardiac tumor. Transesophageal echocardiography provides excellent morphologic definition, aiding in diagnosis and follow-up. Most clinical manifestations are obstructive and are associated with larger tumors. Small tumors with a friable appearance have a higher chance of embolization. Surgical resection is usually curative and the long-term prognosis is excellent.

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The authors divide neonatal metabolic diseases into two major groups: intoxication and energy deficiency. The main signs which allow for the suspicion of the diagnosis are indicated for each group. The complementary examinations to be carried out by the Clinical Pathology Service of the Central Hospital and those which must be carried out by the metabolic diseases Reference Centre are reviewed. Based on the clinical framework and on the examination results, the authors establish five syndromatic groups to orientate diagnosis. The authors conclude by presenting differential diagnosis tables based on the original systematic classification by Jean-Marie Saudubray, with up-dated modifications from their own experience.

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Exame físico (incluindo toque rectal). Ultrasonografia renal e da bexiga e/ou UIV Cistoscopia com descrição de tamanho, e localização do tumor (o diagrama da bexiga deve ser incluído). Urina Tipo II; Citologia urinária, RTU com biópsia da base tumoral. Biópsias de todas as áreas suspeitas; biópsias randomizadas na presença da citologia positiva, tumor >3cm, ou tumor não papilar; biópsia da uretra prostática em casos de Cis ou suspeita de carcionoma in situ. Quando o tumor da bexiga é invasivo e está indicado um tratamento radical, é mandatório RX do tórax, UIV e/ou tomografia axial computorizada abdominal e pélvica, Ultasonografia hepática, cintigrafia óssea se houver sintomas ou se fosfatase alcalina for elevada.

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O Portuguese Acne Advisory Board (PAAB), grupo de dermatologistas portugueses que, à semelhança de grupos congéneres internacionais, tem dedicado particular atenção à definição de linhas de orientação para o tratamento da acne, pretende que o presente documento constitua uma ferramenta útil na abordagem dos doentes com esta patologia. Elaborou-se um dossier, para educação médica contínua, subdividido em 2 partes: Parte I – etiopatogenia e clínica; Parte II – abordagem terapêutica. Nesta Parte I, revêem-se os principais aspectos da clínica e da fisiopatogenia da acne à luz dos conhecimentos actuais. Discute-se a importância do impacto psicológico e social desta entidade e analisam-se os principais mitos e realidades com ela relacionados. Descrevem-se, sucintamente, as patologias mais relevantes no diagnóstico diferencial das lesões de acne. Enumeram-se as indicações para estudo hormonal, bem como os exames a efectuar nos doentes com esta patologia.

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INTRODUCTION: Carotid body tumours (CBT) are neoplasms that develop from paragangionic cells of this structure. They are rare, with an estimated incidence of 1:30000 and can be associated with other neuro-endocrine neoplasia. The authors report their experience in the management of the disease, in the last 10 years. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Eight patients (with eight tumours) were treated, all submitted to tumour resection. 75% were female and the mean age was 56 years. We report a 12,5% incidence of neurological sequelae from surgery, and no mortality. In the follow-up (which varied between 1 and 10 years), no local or contralateral recurrence or metastasis were registered. Also, we did not found family cases of this disease. CONCLUSIONS: The authors noticed an unusually high proportion of female patients. The tumour resection was curative in all patients, with a rate of neurological complications inferior to that reported in other published series. These neurological sequelae were reported in patients with large tumours, thus reinforcing the outmost importance of an early diagnosis. Pre-operative selective embolization of these tumours can be helpful in the resection of large tumours, allowing a potential reduction in neurological complications.

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O tromboembolismo venoso é uma das principais causas de morbilidade e mortalidade materna. Quando não diagnosticado e não tratado, o embolismo pulmonar (EP) pode levar a morte materna. É assim, muito importante a classe médica estar atenta para esta patologia.O eco-Doppler-colorido e a cintigrafia de ventilação-perfusão são fundamentais, durante a gravidez, para o diagnóstico de trombose venosa profunda (TVP) e EP respectivamente. Em doentes com suspeita clínica de TVP ou EP, deve-se iniciar terapêutica com heparina não fraccionada ou de baixo peso molecular, até que o diagnóstico seja excluído, a menos que a anticoagulação seja fortemente contra-indicada.

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Nos países europeus, o hemoperitoneu por ruptura de carcinoma hepatocelular (HCC) é muito raro. Apresentam-se dois casos clínicos de hemoperitoneu secundário a ruptura espontânea de carcinoma hepatocelular, em que a Tomografia Computorizada (TC) abdominal foi de primordial importância para o diagnóstico. A propósito faz-se revisão da literatura sobre os aspectos mais relevantes desta patologia.

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A síncope neurocardiogénica é uma entidade com prevalência e incidência significativas. Apesar da baixa mortalidade relacionada com esta entidade, são significativas as implicações na qualidade de vida dos doentes. A metodologia para o seu diagnóstico está hoje claramente estabelecida nas recomendações internacionais e o teste de inclinação é um elemento útil na abordagem diagnóstica, em particular na síncope recorrente de causa desconhecida e frequente. Vários protocolos têm vindo a ser descritos nos últimos anos, inicialmente passivos e posteriormente com introdução de agentes provocativos, dos quais os nitratos sub-linguais são os mais largamente aceites, pela simplicidade e bons resultados da sua utilização. O recurso ao teste de inclinação na avaliação da terapêutica está limitado por problemas relacionados com a reprodutibilidade, que contudo estão na base de uma forma de tratamento – o treino de ortostatismo (tilt training) – embora com taxas de sucesso variáveis. Na presente revisão, iremos abordar os vários aspectos relacionados com a aplicação do teste de inclinação na prática clínica.

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Even though in clinical practice carotid cavernous fistulas (CCF) are not a frequent pathology, it should be a diagnostic hypothesis in face of a suggestive clinical presentation. We intended to review the diagnosis and the therapeutics, comparing them with the actual perspectives. Files of 25 patients with the diagnostic hypothesis of CCF, confirmed by conventional angiography in the HSAC Neuroradiology Department, were reviewed. In this group of patients, (5 males and 20 females), the fistulous aetiology was spontaneous in 10 and traumatic in 15. Clinically the symptom most often presented was diplopia (23 cases) and the most frequent encountered sign was ophthalmoplegia (20 cases). Of the Neuroradiologic investigation, CT scan (done to all patients) have shown an prominent superior ophthalmic vein as the most frequent abnormality. Angiographic study was based on Lasjaunias et al protocol (Surgical Neuroangiography, Vol. 2, Springer-Verlag). Surgery was the therapeutic approach for the traumatic fistulas; only 2 of the spontaneous were treated by endovascular route. Three patients are still under observation. In all the others cases there was a fistula exclusion.

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The role of cerebral angiography in the diagnosis of cerebrovascular disease is currently being questioned due to both the increasing availability of carotid sonography and the recent introduction of Magnetic Resonance Angiography (MRA). After a technical foreword about the different modalities available today in Cerebral Angiography, we discuss its present indications (Conventional or Digital subtraction by intra-arterial route), in patients with extra and intra cranial atherosclerotic cerebro vascular disease, subarachnoid hemorrhage and arterial aneurysms, in vascular malformations, particularly arterio-venous malformations (AVM's), in occlusive non-atherosclerotic non hypertensive arteriopathies and in occlusive venous pathology. Although it is possible that the future will show us the progressive replacement of the invasive technologies by MRA, at the present stage of Magnetic Resonance development there is still an important role, if not crucial, for catheter angiography in the diagnosis of most of the diseases producing stroke syndromes.

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Objectives: Literature review of classification, epidemiology, pathophysiology, microbiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis, complications, treatment and prevention of urinary tract infections (UTI) in pregnancy. Data Sources and Review Methods: Bibliographic research in Medline, through PubMed and Medscape, of systematic reviews, observational studies, clinical guidelines, meta-analyses and randomized controlled trials published between January 1992 and December 2010. Results: Asymptomatic bacteriuria occurs in 2 to 10% of pregnant women, 30% of which will develop acute pyelonephritis if left untreated. Treatment of asymptomatic bacteriuria has been shown to reduce the risk of pyelonephritis in pregnancy. Therefore, screening and treatment of this form of UTI has become a standard of obstetrical care, although the ideal duration of the treatment is still controverse. Acute pyelonephritis is one of the most common medical complications of pregnancy and may be associated with maternal, obstetric and perinatal complications. There is no clear consensus in the literature regarding antibiotic choice or duration of therapy for symptomatic UTI. Increasing antibiotic resistance complicates the choice of empirical regimens and local resistance rates need to be taken into account when deciding the therapy. Considering the high rate of recurrence of UTI during pregnancy, prophylactic measures need to be taken in pregnant women who have already experienced UTI during their current pregnancy. Conclusions: Although UTI is a generally benign condition in non-pregnant women, it may be a potentially serious complication during pregnancy. Early diagnosis and treatment of UTI during pregnancy are mandatory and can prevent severe maternal and perinatal complications.

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A síndrome de Prader-Willi tem uma prevalência aproximada de 1:25000 nascimentos. No período neonatal há hipotonia severa, atraso de crescimento e dificuldade alimentar que persistem durante o primeiro ano de vida. O quadro clínico inicial contrasta com a bulimia que se evidencia mais tarde e que, não controlada, pode conduzir à obesidade mórbida. Descrevem-se as características clínicas, o diagnóstico genético e os cuidados específicos a ter na promoção da saúde a propósito de cinco crianças com síndrome de Prader Willi, cujo diagnóstico foi feito no período neonatal.

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As uropatias malformativas constituem a principalcausa de anomalia neonatal nao letal. Estas anomalias do desenvolvimento devem ser interpretadas com base no conhecimento da morbilidade e, em alguns casos, a mortalidade associada a este tipo de patologia 1,2. As malformações congénitas devem ser pensadas com base no conhecimento da dinâmica do normal desenvolvimento embrionário e dos múltiplos factores reguladores intervenientes, so assim será possivel estabelecer estratégias eficazes de investigação e terapêutica.