Routine Transthoracic Echocardiography in a General Intensive Care Unit: an 18 Month Survey in 704 Patients

The authors analyzed 704 transthoracic echocardiographic (TTE) examinations, performed routinely to all admitted patients to a general 16-bed Intensive Care Unit (ICU) during an 18-month period. Data acquisition and prevalence of abnormalities of cardiac structures and function were assessed, as well as the new, previously unknown severe diagnoses. A TTE was performed within the first 24 h of admission on 704 consecutive patients, with a mean age of 61.5+/-17.5 years, ICU stay of 10.6+/-17.1 days, APACHE II 22.6+/-8.9, and SAPS II 52.7+/-20.4. In four patients, TTE could not be performed. Left ventricular (LV) dimensions were quantified in 689 (97.8%) patients, and LV function in 670 (95.2%) patients. Cardiac output (CO) was determined in 610 (86.7%), and mitral E/A in 399 (85.9% of patients in sinus rhythm). Echocardiographic abnormalities were detected in 234 (33%) patients, the most common being left atrial (LA) enlargement (n=163), and LV dysfunction (n=132). Patients with these alterations were older (66+/-16.5 vs 58.1+/-17.4, p<0.001), presented a higher APACHE II score (24.4+/-8.7 vs 21.1+/-8.9, p<0.001), and had a higher mortality rate (40.1% vs 25.4%, p<0.001). Severe, previously unknown echocardiographic diagnoses were detected in 53 (7.5%) patients; the most frequent condition was severe LV dysfunction. Through a multivariate logistic regression analysis, it was determined that mortality was affected by tricuspid regurgitation (p=0.016, CI 1.007-1.016) and ICU stay (p<0.001, CI 1-1.019). We conclude that TTE can detect most cardiac structures in a general ICU. One-third of the patients studied presented cardiac structural or functional alterations and 7.5% severe previously unknown diagnoses.

Queratite por Acantamoeba - Revisão de 6 Casos Clínicos. Centro Hospitalar Lisboa Central

Objectivo: Determinar os factores de risco, características clínicas e desfecho da queratite por acantamoeba. Métodos: Os autores revêem os casos de queratite por acantamoeba em 6 doentes (3 do sexo masculino e 3 do sexo feminino) com idades compreendidas entre os 18 e os 41 anos, vigiados no Departamento de Córnea do nosso Hospital. As suas características e curso clínicos foram estudados retrospectivamente. Resultados: Todos os doentes eram portadores de lentes de contacto. Quatro dos 6 casos tiveram início do quadro entre final de Maio e Julho. A suspeita inicial de queratite bacteriana, fúngica ou viral precedeu o diagnóstico final de queratite por acantamoeba em todos os doentes. O diagnóstico foi feito através de observação clínica, PCR (polymerase chain reaction) ou microscopia confocal. Em todos os casos a terapêutica dirigida foi iniciada com propamidina, com adição de clorohexidina em um doente. Em 3 doentes verificou-se necessidade de realização de queratoplastia penetrante: um caso por incapacidade de controlo da infecção e por sequelas noutros dois. Conclusão: É necessário um grande nível de suspeita de infecção por acantamoeba em indivíduos utilizadores de lente de contacto e falência inicial à terapêutica antimicrobiana ou antiviral. A microscopia confocal é um auxiliar importante no diagnóstico da queratite por este microrganismo.

Decreasing Incidence and Changes in Serotype Distribution of Invasive Pneumococcal Disease in Persons Aged Under 18 Years Since Introduction of 10-Valent and 13-Valent Conjugate Vaccines in Portugal, July 2008 to June 2012

The 10-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV10) became available in Portugal in mid-2009 and the 13-valent vaccine (PCV13) in early 2010. The incidence of invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) in patients aged under 18 years decreased from 8.19 cases per 100,000 in 2008–09 to 4.52/100,000 in 2011–12. However, IPD incidence due to the serotypes included in the 7-valent conjugate vaccine (PCV7) in children aged under two years remained constant. This fall resulted from significant decreases in the number of cases due to: (i) the additional serotypes included in PCV10 and PCV13 (1, 5, 7F; from 37.6% to 20.6%), particularly serotype 1 in older children; and (ii) the additional serotypes included in PCV13 (3, 6A, 19A; from 31.6% to 16.2%), particularly serotype 19A in younger children. The decrease in serotype 19A before vaccination indicates that it was not triggered by PCV13 administration. The decrease of serotype 1 in all groups, concomitant with the introduction of PCV10, is also unlikely to have been triggered by vaccination, although PCVs may have intensified and supported these trends. PCV13 serotypes remain major causes of IPD, accounting for 63.2% of isolates recovered in Portugal in 2011–12, highlighting the potential role of enhanced vaccination in reducing paediatric IPD in Portugal.