Distribution and Etiology of Chronic Respiratory Diseases in Primary Healthcare Departments in Cape Verde

Data on chronic respiratory diseases (CRD) are scarce or unavailable in most African countries. We aimed to determine the prevalence of CRD and associated risk factors in Cape Verde, at the primary healthcare level.

Under-Report and Underdiagnosis of Chronic Respiratory Diseases in an African Country

BACKGROUND: Chronic respiratory diseases (CRD) are greatly underestimated. The aim of this study was to assess the burden associated with reported CRD and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, as defined on the basis of various standardized criteria, by estimating their point prevalence in a sample of individuals attending the Primary Health Care (PHC) level and Emergency Room (ER) Departments in Cape Verde (CV) archipelago. The second aim of the study was to identify factors related to airways obstruction and reported CRD in this population. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was carried out in CV during 2 weeks. Outpatients aged more than 20 years seeking care at PHC level and ER answered a standardized questionnaire and were subjected to spirometry, independently of their complaint. Two criteria for airways obstruction were taken into account: forced expiratory volume (FEV(1)) <80% of the predicted value and FEV(1)/forced vital capacity (FVC) ratio <0.70. RESULTS: A total of 274 individuals with a satisfactory spirometry were included. 22% of the individuals had a FEV(1) < 80%. Individuals older than 46 years had a higher risk of having airways obstruction. Asthma diagnosis (11%) had a clear association with airways obstruction. Smoking was a risk factor for a lower FEV(1). Working in a dust place and cooking using an open fire were both related to chronic bronchitis and asthma diagnosis. CONCLUSION: Under-report and underdiagnosis of chronic respiratory conditions seem to be a reality in CV just as in other parts of the world. To improve diagnosis, our results reinforce the need of performing a spirometry

Bronchial Asthma in Children: Clinical and Epidemiologic Approach in Different Portuguese Speaking Countries

BACKGROUND: Geographical differences in asthma prevalence are currently accepted, but evidence is sparse due to the lack of multicentre studies using the same protocol. OBJECTIVES: To compare the prevalence of asthma and atopy among schoolchildren from Portuguese speaking countries (ISAAC and Portuguese Study) and evaluate some environmental variables, such as house dust mite exposure. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Significant random samples of schoolchildren studied with standard validated methods--questionnaires, skin prick tests, methacholine bronchial challenge tests; dust bed sampling for analysis of mite antigens. RESULTS: In the ISAAC study, in the 13-14 year-old age group, statistical significant differences were found, with higher wheezing prevalence in Brazil than in Portugal (two-fold). In the Portuguese Study, atopy prevalence ranged between 6.0 and 11.9% in Sal and S. Vicente (Cape Verde), up to 48.6 and 54.1% in Macau and Madeira. Active asthma had the higher values in Madeira (14.6%), and the lower in Macau (1.3%). Cape Verde had intermediate asthma prevalence (10.6 and 7.0%). The bronchial challenge test was positive in 25, 66 and 70% of asthmatic children from Sal, S. Vicente and Madeira respectively. Significant HDM antigen concentrations (Der p1) were found in Cape Verde and Madeira. CONCLUSIONS: There are significant variations in asthma and atopy prevalence between these pediatric populations. The reasons remain under discussion, but genetics linked to race, seem to play a central role, modulated by environmental and lifestyle variables.

Para Além da Via Verde AVC. A Neurossonologia nos Doentes do Serviço de Urgência

A Via Verde do Acidente Vascular Cerebral (AVC) tem como objectivo o tratamento rápido dos doentes com AVC isquémico com terapêuticas de repermeabilização, a fim de diminuir o grau de incapacidade por sequelas neurológicas Existem, contudo, critérios rígidos de selecção dos candidatos que beneficiam de terapêuticas de fase aguda o que origina a exclusão de um grande número de doentes. Estes doentes devem realizar de forma célere um estudo neurovascular de forma a permitir uma estratificação de risco e uma orientação terapêutica adequada. No nosso Centro, este estudo neurovascular tem sido feito frequentemente no Serviço de Urgência. Apresentação e discussão do resultado dos exames neurovasculares, neste caso Exame Ultrassonográfico dos Grandes Vasos do Pescoço (ECODVP), realizado no Serviço de Urgência do Hospital de São José - Centro Hospitalar Lisboa Central, pelo Laboratório de Neurossonologia – Unidade Cerebrovascular, durante o ano de 2011. Análise retrospectiva de todos os doentes que realizaram ECODVP no Serviço de Urgência durante o período de 1 de Janeiro a 31 de Dezembro de 2011. Estes exames foram executados com recurso a um Ecógrafo Toshiba com sonda linear (7-14MHz). Os exames foram classificados em “Normal”, “Estenose Carotídea ou Vertebral > 50%”, “Trombo na Carótida Interna”, “Dissecção Carotídea ou vertebral”, “Oclusão Alta da Carótida Interna” e “Oclusão Proximal da Carótida Interna”. Foram avaliados 164 indivíduos (93 sexo masculino e 71 sexo feminino) com uma média de idades = 64,40 anos. Dos 164 indivíduos avaliados foram documentados 134 exames Normais correspondendo a 82% do total de exames. Dos restantes 18%, 30 tinham as seguintes alterações: Estenoses Carotídeas ou Vertebrais (> 50%): 17; Trombo Carotídeo: 2; Dissecções Carotídeas ou Vertebrais: 3; Oclusão Alta da Carótida Interna: 6; Oclusão Proximal da Carótida Interna: 2. A realização de exames Neurovasculares no Serviço de Urgência do Hospital de São José traduz um serviço de qualidade, permitindo redireccionar e encaminhar os doentes, adequando as devidas medidas diagnósticas e terapêuticas a instituir.