Prognostic Value of a New Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing Parameter in Chronic Heart Failure: Oxygen Uptake Efficiency at Peak Exercise - Comparison with Oxygen Uptake Efficiency Slope

INTRODUCTION: A growing body of evidence shows the prognostic value of oxygen uptake efficiency slope (OUES), a cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPET) parameter derived from the logarithmic relationship between O(2) consumption (VO(2)) and minute ventilation (VE) in patients with chronic heart failure (CHF). OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the prognostic value of a new CPET parameter - peak oxygen uptake efficiency (POUE) - and to compare it with OUES in patients with CHF. METHODS: We prospectively studied 206 consecutive patients with stable CHF due to dilated cardiomyopathy - 153 male, aged 53.3±13.0 years, 35.4% of ischemic etiology, left ventricular ejection fraction 27.7±8.0%, 81.1% in sinus rhythm, 97.1% receiving ACE-Is or ARBs, 78.2% beta-blockers and 60.2% spironolactone - who performed a first maximal symptom-limited treadmill CPET, using the modified Bruce protocol. In 33% of patients an cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) or cardiac resynchronization therapy device (CRT-D) was implanted during follow-up. Peak VO(2), percentage of predicted peak VO(2), VE/VCO(2) slope, OUES and POUE were analyzed. OUES was calculated using the formula VO(2) (l/min) = OUES (log(10)VE) + b. POUE was calculated as pVO(2) (l/min) / log(10)peakVE (l/min). Correlation coefficients between the studied parameters were obtained. The prognosis of each variable adjusted for age was evaluated through Cox proportional hazard models and R2 percent (R2%) and V index (V6) were used as measures of the predictive accuracy of events of each of these variables. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves from logistic regression models were used to determine the cut-offs for OUES and POUE. RESULTS: pVO(2): 20.5±5.9; percentage of predicted peak VO(2): 68.6±18.2; VE/VCO(2) slope: 30.6±8.3; OUES: 1.85±0.61; POUE: 0.88±0.27. During a mean follow-up of 33.1±14.8 months, 45 (21.8%) patients died, 10 (4.9%) underwent urgent heart transplantation and in three patients (1.5%) a left ventricular assist device was implanted. All variables proved to be independent predictors of this combined event; however, VE/VCO2 slope was most strongly associated with events (HR 11.14). In this population, POUE was associated with a higher risk of events than OUES (HR 9.61 vs. 7.01), and was also a better predictor of events (R2: 28.91 vs. 22.37). CONCLUSION: POUE was more strongly associated with death, urgent heart transplantation and implantation of a left ventricular assist device and proved to be a better predictor of events than OUES. These results suggest that this new parameter can increase the prognostic value of CPET in patients with CHF.

Valor Prognóstico da Normalização da Resposta Ventilatória ao Exercício para o Consumo Máximo de Oxigénio na Insuficiência Cardíaca

Cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) is an objective method for assessment of functional capacity and for prognostic stratification of patients with chronic heart failure (CHF). In this study, we analyzed the prognostic value of a recently described CPET-derived parameter, the minute ventilation to carbon dioxide production slope normalized for peak oxygen consumption (VE/VCO2 slope/pVO2). METHODS: We prospectively studied 157 patients with stable CHF and dilated cardiomyopathy who performed maximal CPET using the modified Bruce protocol. The prognostic value of VE/VCO2 slope/pVO2 was determined and compared with traditional CPET parameters. RESULTS: During follow-up 37 patients died and 12 were transplanted. Mean follow-up in surviving patients was 29.7 months (12-36). Cox multivariate analysis revealed that VE/VCO2 slope/pVO2 had the greatest prognostic power of all the parameters studied. A VE/VCO2 slope/pVO2 of > or = 2.2 signaled cases at higher risk. CONCLUSION: Normalization of the ventilatory response to exercise for peak oxygen consumption appears to increase the prognostic value of CPET in patients with CHF.

Watermelon Stomach, Hemorrhagic Pericarditis, Small Cell Carcinoma of the Lung and Synchronous Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Tongue Base

Based on a case of gastric antral vascular ectasia (watermelon stomach) that was associated with hemorrhagic pericarditis, small cell lung carcinoma with mediastinal lymph node metastases and a synchronous squamous cell carcinoma of the base of the tongue, the authors made a review of the clinical, endoscopic and histopathological aspects of this type of gastropathy, and its association with other diseases, and of the results of its endoscopic therapy. The causes of hemorrhagic pericarditis are considered, emphasizing the necessity to know if the effusion has a malignant etiology. To the best of our knowledge the association of watermelon stomach to small cell lung carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma of the base of the tongue has not yet been described. Extensive metastases to mediastal lymph nodes are common to small cell lung carcinoma.

Zero-Time Kidney Histology Predicts Early Graft Function

Our purposes are to determine the impact of histological factors observed in zero-time biopsies on early post transplant kidney allograft function. We specifically want to compare the semi-quantitative Banff Classification of zero time biopsies with quantification of % cortical area fibrosis. Sixty three zero-time deceased donor allograft biopsies were retrospectively semiquantitatively scored using Banff classification. By adding the individual chronic parameters a Banff Chronic Sum (BCS) Score was generated. Percentage of cortical area Picro Sirius Red (%PSR) staining was assessed and calculated with a computer program. A negative linear regression between %PSR/ GFR at 3 year post-transplantation was established (Y=62.08 +-4.6412X; p=0.022). A significant negative correlation between arteriolar hyalinosis (rho=-0.375; p=0.005), chronic interstitial (rho=0.296; p=0.02) , chronic tubular ( rho=0.276; p=0.04) , chronic vascular (rho= -0.360;P=0.007), BCS (rho=-0.413; p=0.002) and GFR at 3 years were found. However, no correlation was found between % PSR, Ci, Ct or BCS. In multivariate linear regression the negative predictive factors of 3 years GFR were: BCS in histological model; donor kidney age, recipient age and black race in clinical model. The BCS seems a good and easy to perform tool, available to every pathologist, with significant predictive short-term value. The %PSR predicts short term kidney function in univariate study and involves extra-routine and expensive-time work. We think that %PSR must be regarded as a research instrument.

Focal Malignant Liver Lesions: Diagnosis by Dynamic Incremental CT, Early Phase

The purpose of our study was to evaluate the accuracy of dynamic incremental bolus-enhanced conventional CT (DICT) with intravenous contrast administration, early phase, in the diagnosis of malignancy of focal liver lesions. A total of 122 lesions were selected in 74 patients considering the following criteria: lesion diameter 10 mm or more, number of lesions less than six per study, except in multiple angiomatosis and the existence of a valid criteria of definitive diagnosis. Lesions were categorized into seven levels of diagnostic confidence of malignancy compared with the definitive diagnosis for acquisition of a receiver-operator-characteristic (ROC) curve analysis and to determine the sensitivity and specificity of the technique. Forty-six and 70 lesions were correctly diagnosed as malignant and benign, respectively; there were 2 false-positive and 4 false-negative diagnoses of malignancy and the sensitivity and specificity obtained were 92 and 97%. The DICT early phase was confirmed as a highly accurate method in the characterization and diagnosis of malignancy of focal liver lesions, requiring an optimal technical performance and judicious analysis of existing semiological data.

Segmentectomia Pulmonar Anatómica por Videotoracoscopia: Experiência Inicial de um Centro

The use of minimally invasive surgery for the treatment of lung cancer has been growing worldwide. Between May 2008 and November 2012, we performed 24 videothoracoscopic anatomical lung resections in our department. This includes 22 lobectomies and 2 anatomic segmentectomies, which is known to be a more complex surgery, since it demands a finer dissection of sub-lobar structures. We report the clinical cases of two patients who underwent anatomic segmentectomies. The first one was a 63 year old woman, smoker and with a history of breast cancer 20 years earlier. An incidental 9 mm node was found in the lingula. The patient underwent an anatomic lingulectomy and the frozen section was suggestive of a primary lung cancer. Therefore, we proceeded to a full lymphadenectomy. The final pathology evaluation showed a typical carcinoid tumour (pT1aN0). The second patient was a 50 year old woman, a smoker and with a heavy family history of lung cancer. In a screening CT scan a 8 mm ground glass opacity was identified in the left lower lobe (segment VI). After a VATS wedge resection of the node the frozen section evaluation was compatible with adenocarcinoma. We then proceeded to an anatomic segmentectomy with lymphadenectomy. The definitive pathology evaluation confirmed that it was a pT1a N0 bronchioloalveolar adenocarcinoma. The patients now have 5 and 2 months of follow up respectivelly and neither of them has signs of recurrence and the surgical incision showed a good aesthetic result. Anatomic segmentectomy is the indicated surgery especially in patients with low grade tumours, in early stage lung cancers or in patients without pulmonary function for a lobar resection, and it can be done safely using VATS.

Budesonide Reverses Lung Hyperinflation in Childhood Asthma: a Controlled Study

Budesonide (800 mg bid, for 2 months) was administered to 12 asthmatic children (mean age, 11.293.3 years) with lung hyperinflation (TGV]130% predicted and:or RV]140% predicted) in a randomised, placebo controlled, double blind, crossover study. Body plethysmography (panting frequency controlled at 1·s 1) was performed at the beginning, 2 months afterwards (before crossover) and at the end of the study. Budesonide significantly reduced TGV (2.3590.90 l BTPS or 126924% predicted) compared with placebo (2.5491.08 l BTPS, P 0.014 or 140921% predicted, PB0.05). In addition, budesonide significantly increased mean specific conductance (0.0690.02 cm H2O 1 l s 1 to 0.0790.01 cm H2O 1 l s 1, PB0.05). It was concluded that budesonide reduced lung hyperinflation most likely by decreasing airway inflammation.

Numerical Evaluation of Ventilation Performance in Children Day Care Centres

Modelling of ventilation is strongly dependent on the physical characteristics of the building of which precise evaluation is a complex and time consuming task. In the frame of a research project, two children day care centres (CDCC) have been selected in order to measure the envelope air permeability, the flow rate of mechanical ventilation systems and indoor and outdoor temperature. The data obtained was used as input to the computer code CONTAM for ventilation simulations. The results obtained were compared with direct measurements of ventilation flow from short term measurements with CO2 tracer gas and medium term measurements with perfluorocarbon tracer (PFT) gas decay method. After validation, in order to analyse the main parameters that affect ventilation, the model was used to predict the ventilation rates for a wide range of conditions. The purpose of this assessment was to find the best practices to improve natural ventilation. A simple analytical method to predict the ventilation flow rate of rooms is also presented. The method is based on the estimation of wind effect on the room through the evaluation of an average factor and on the assessment of relevant cross section of gaps and openings combined in series or in parallel. It is shown that it may be applied with acceptable accuracy for this type of buildings when ventilation is due essentially to wind action.

Ventilação de Alta Frequência Oscilatória Exclusiva com Optimização do Volume Pulmonar no Recém-Nascido de Extremo Baixo Peso (Estudo Comparativo com Ventilação de Alta Frequência Oscilatória após Ventilação Convencional)

Objectivo: A Ventilação de Alta Frequência Oscilatória (VAFO) tem ainda poucos anos de utilização em Portugal. Os seus resultados pouco uniformes têm sido relacionados com o tipo de estratégia utilizada. A optimização do volume pulmonar com utilização de uma estratégia de alto volume, tem vindo a definir-se como a estratégia mais eficaz. Considerámos como objectivos prioritários, a avaliação dos benefícios desta técnica na redução da mortalidade e na redução da morbilidade respiratória precoce e tardia, na retinopatia da prematuridade (ROP) e na hemorragia intraperiventricular (HIPV). Doentes e Métodos: Desde 1 de Janeiro de 1999 até 31 de Março de 2000 (15 meses), usámos esta estratégia ventilatória no Recém Nascido de Muito Baixo Peso (RN MBP). Utilizámos VAFO como modalidade ventilatória exclusiva e imediatamente após intubação traqueal ou após chegada do RN à Unidade de Cuidados Intensivos neonatais (UCIN). Iniciámos de imediato a Optimização do Volume Pulmonar (OPT). A administração de surfactante só foi efectuada após critério de pulmão optimizado. Foram ventilados com esta técnica, 154 RN com idade gestacional < 34 semanas com DMH/SDR e necessitando de ventilação mecânica. Destes RN, o grupo com peso de nascimento (PN) < 950 gramas e idade gestacional entre 25-29 semanas (Coorte VAFO/OPT = 36 RN) foi comparado com uma Coorte histórica de VAFO após curto período de ventilação convencional (VC) de 1997-1998 (grupo VC + VAFO = 27 RN). Ambos os grupos tiveram a Doença das Membranas Hialinas(DMH) como diagnóstico primário. Local de Estudo: Unidade de Cuidados Intensivos Neonatais da Maternidade Dr. Alfredo da Costa (12 postos de ventilação permanente). Resultados: Os dois grupos comparados (VAFO/OPT e VC + VAFO) foram semelhantes nos dados demográficos (peso, idade gestacional, sexo), corticoterapia pré-natal e gravidade radiológica da DMH. Apesar da gravidade radiológica de ambos os grupos ser semelhante, o tipo de estratégia ventilatória utilizada no grupo VAFO/OPT, ou seja, a optimização do volume pulmonar, permitiu uma menor administração do surfactante. O tempo de ventilação e o tempo de oxigenação (dias de 02) foi estatisticamente inferior no grupo VAFO/OPT (respectivamente p=0,000 e p=0.003), tal como a HIPV, ROP e mortalidade (respectivamente p=0,0029, p=0,009 e p=0,031). A Doença Pulmonar Crónica (DPC) foi percentualmente bastante inferior neste grupo (p=0,051). Conclusão: A VAFO como modalidade ventilatória exclusiva, iniciada imediatamente após intubação traqueal e/ou chegada do RN à UCIN e com optimização do volume pulmonar, encurtou a necessidade de suporte respiratório e de oxigenação e melhorou a morbilidade pulmonar no RN MBP com DMH.

Ventilação de Alta Frequência Oscilatória como Método Ventilatório Único e Exclusivo e com Estratégia de Optimização do Volume Pulmonar no Recém-Nascido de Muito Baixo Peso

Objectivo: A Ventilação de Alta Frequência Oscilatória(VAFO) tem resultados promissores na ventilação de RN de pré-termo com Doença das Membranas Hialinas (DMH), embora os resultados dos estudos publicados não sejam uniformes. Esta diferença dos resultados poderá ser atribuída à falta de uniformidade das estratégias utilizadas e à forma de utilização desta técnica de ventilação. A utilização de VAFO precoce com optimização precoce do volume pulmonar, tem sido a estratégia mais eficaz, levando a uma menor incidência de morbilidade pulmonar. Considerámos como objectivos prioritários, a avaliação dos benefícios desta técnica na redução da morbilidade respiratória precoce e tardia, na incidência da retinopatia da prematuridade (ROP) e da hemorragia intraperiventricular (HIPV) e na redução da mortalidade. Desenho do Estudo: Estudo descritivo prospectivo. Os Recém-nascidos (RN) foram seguidos periodicamente desde a altura do nascimento até ao momento da alta hospitalar. Local do estudo: Unidade de Cuidados Intensivos Neonatais(UCIRN) da Maternidade Dr. Alfredo da Costa (Unidade Terciária com 12 postos de ventilação permanentes). Doentes: 424 RN com peso de nascimento inferior ou igual a 1500gr (RN MBP), nascidos na Maternidade entre 1 de Janeiro de 1999 e 1 de Janeiro de 2003 (4 anos). O grupo de extremo baixo peso(peso de nascimento < 1000 gr) foi analisado separadamente. Foram excluídos RN com hidrópsia fetal, anomalias congénitas cardíacas, pulmonares ou da parede abdominal (incluindo hérnia diafragmática) e também RN com pneumonia congénita e aqueles nascidos fora da maternidade ("Outborn"). Foram também excluídos RN optimizados mas sem o critério de optimização definido pelo estudo. Métodos: Em todos os RN MBP foi utilizada VAFO como modalidade ventilatória única e exclusiva e imediatamente após intubação traqueal na Unidade de Cuidados Intensivos Neonatais(UCIN) ou após chegada do RN à UCIN vindo da sala de partos ou do bloco operatório. Iniciámos de imediato a Optimização do Volume Pulmonar (OPT). A administração de surfactante só foi efectuada após optimização do volume pulmonar (1°- critério de pulmão optimizado: definido como a CDP (MAP) que permitiu reduzir o Fi02 para valores < 40%, 2°- critérios de administração de surfactante; CDP X Fi02 > 3 - 4, a / A 02 < 0.22 - 0.17 e / ou evidência radiológica de DMH de grau III - IV). A Doença pulmonar Crónica(DPC) foi definida como a necessidade de suplementação com 02 às 36 semanas de idade pós-concepcional. Resultados: O total da população de RN MBP, nascidos na MAC, correspondeu a 424; destes, 57 RN faleceram (13,4%) e 367 sobreviveram (86,5 %). A mediana do peso de nascimento foi de 989 gr e a da idade gestacional de 28 semanas. Dos sobreviventes a mediana do tempo de ventilação e de suplementação com 02 foi respectivamentre de 2,5 dias (min/Max = 6 horas/70 dias) e 23 dias (min / Max = 2 / 130 dias). A incidência de DPC foi de 9.0 % (33 / 367). Nenhum RN teve alta hospitalar submetido a terapêutica com 02. A incidência de HIPV grau III - IV (grupo total de RN) foi de 9.9% (42 / 424) e a de ROP 3 de 7.7% (24 / 310). A população total de extremo baixo peso, nascida na MAC (RN < 1000 gr), correspondeu a 210 RN; 46 faleceram (21.9%), 164 RN sobreviveram(78.1%). Dos sobreviventes a mediana do tempo de ventilação e do tempo de suplementação com 02 foi respectivamente de 5 dias (min/ Max = 12 horas / 70 dias) e de 40 dias (min / Max = 4 / 130 dias). A incidência de DPC foi neste grupo de 15.9% (26 / 164). Nenhum RN teve alta hospitalar submetido a terapêutica com 02. A incidência de HIPV de grau III - IV (grupo total < 1000 gr) foi de 13.8 %(29 / 210) e a de ROP 3 foi de 13.1 % (20 / 153). Conclusão: A VAFO como modalidade ventilatória única e exclusiva, iniciada imediatamente após intubação traqueal e/ou chegada do RN à UCIN e com optimização precoce do volume pulmonar, melhorou as trocas gasosas, encurtou a necessidade do suporte respiratório e do tempo de suplementação com 02 e melhorou a morbilidade pulmonar no RN MBP com DMH.

Quantitative Analysis of Immunoglobulin E Reactivity Profiles in Patients Allergic or Sensitized to Natural Rubber Latex (Hevea Brasiliensis)

Characterized native and recombinant Hevea brasiliensis (rHev b) natural rubber latex (NRL) allergens are available to assess patient allergen sensitization profiles. OBJECTIVE: Quantification of individual IgE responses to the spectrum of documented NRL allergens and evaluation of cross-reactive carbohydrate determinants (CCDs) for more definitive diagnosis. METHODS: Sera of 104 healthcare workers (HCW; 51 German, 21 Portuguese, 32 American), 31 spina bifida patients (SB; 11 German, 20 Portuguese) and 10 Portuguese with multiple surgeries (MS) were analysed for allergen-specific IgE antibody (sIgE) to NRL, single Hev b allergens and CCDs with ImmunoCAP technology. RESULTS: In all patient groups rHev b 5-sIgE concentrations were the most pronounced. Hev b 2, 5, 6.01 and 13 were identified as the major allergens in HCW and combined with Hev b 1 and Hev b 3 in SB. In MS Hev b 1 displayed an intermediate relevance. Different sIgE antibody levels to native Hevea brasiliensis (nHev b) 2 and rHev b 6.01 allowed discrimination of SB with clinical relevant latex allergy vs. those with latex sensitization. Sensitization profiles of German, Portuguese and American patients were equivalent. rHev b 5, 6.01 and nHev b 13 combined detected 100% of the latex-allergic HCW and 80.1% of the SB. Only 8.3% of the sera showed sIgE response to CCDs. CONCLUSIONS: Hev b 1, 2, 5, 6.01 and 13 were identified as the major Hev b allergens and they should be present in standardized latex extracts and in vitro allergosorbents. CCDs are only of minor relevance in patients with clinical relevant latex allergy. Component-resolved diagnostic analyses for latex allergy set the stage for an allergen-directed immunotherapy strategy