Aderência às Recomendações para o Tratamento das Síndromes Coronárias Agudas: Evolução ao Longo do Tempo

Introdução: O tratamento das Síndromes Coronárias Agudas (SCA) sofreu várias alterações muito rápidas nos últimos anos, traduzido nas múltiplas propostas de recomendações pelo ACC/AHA/ESC, baseados na evidência clínica. Avaliamos a implementação destas recomendações, comparando uma população de doentes de 2002, com uma população de 2005. Métodos: Estudo retrospectivo de 368 doentes admitidos em 2002 e 420 doentes admitidos em 2005 por SCA (com e sem elevação do segmento ST). Analisaram-se características clínicas e estratégias de tratamento. Resultados: Não se verificaram diferenças em termos de idade, sexo masculino, factores de risco para doença coronária ou história prévia de revascularização miocárdica. Verificou-se uma redução de doentes com antecedentes de enfarte do miocárdico e insuficiência renal e aumento da apresentação como enfarte com elevação do segmento ST. O tratamento com clopidogrel (6% versus 87%), bloqueador-beta(54% versus 79%), inibidores da enzima de conversão da angiotensina (72% versus 84%) e estatinas (78% versus 91%) aumentou (para todos p<0,001). Por outro lado, verificou-se um pequeno decréscimo na utilização de ácido acetilsalicílico (98% versus 95%, p=0,039) (com maior utilização de clopidogrel) e a ticlopidina deixou de ser utilizada (46% versus 0%, p<0,001). Os antagonistas dos receptores da glicoproteína IIb/IIIa não se alteraram significativamente (66% versus 67%, p=NS). Aumentaram as intervenções coronárias percutâneas (53% versus 67%, p<0,001). Não se verificou diferença em termos de mortalidade hospitalar (8,2% versus 6,4%) e aos 30 dias (9,0% versus. 8,6%), com redução ao 1ºano de seguimento (17,1% versus 11,7%, p=0,039). As estatinas e os bloqueadores beta são preditores independentes de mortalidade, com efeito de protecção. Conclusões: Entre 2002 e 2005, o tratamento das SCA melhorou significativamente de acordo com as recomendações existentes, traduzindo-se numa melhoria da mortalidade ao 1º ano de seguimento.

Vulvar Lichen Sclerosus: Efficacy of Photodynamic Therapy Under Conscious Sedation with Inhaled 50% Nitrous Oxide and Oxygen Mixture

Anogenital lichen sclerosus is a chronic, inflammatory, mucocutaneous disorder of significant morbidity. Common symptoms include pruritus, pain, dysuria, and dyspareunia, frequently of difficult control. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) may be an effective therapeutic option in selected cases refractory to first--‐line treatment options. However, procedure--‐related pain is a limiting factor in patient adherence to treatment. Conscious sedation and analgesia with a ready--‐to--‐use gas mixture of nitrous oxide and oxygen is useful in short--‐term procedures. It provides a rapid, effective, and short--‐lived effect, without the need for anesthesiology support. A 75--‐year--‐old woman presented with a highly symptomatic, histologically confirmed vulvar lichen sclerosus, with at least 15 years of evolution. Pain, pruritus, and dysuria were intense and disabling. Treatment with ultrapotent topical corticosteroids proved to be ineffective despite patient compliance. She was then referred for PDT. A total of 3 sessions were performed, held at a mean interval of 9 weeks, and under the analgesic and sedative effect of nitrous oxide/oxygen gas. Response to treatment was evaluated through a daily, self--‐reported pain rating scale. Dysuria remitted completely after the first PDT session. An 80% reduction in pruritus and pain was observed after the third session, and has been sustained for the past six months without further need for topical corticotherapy. Treatment sessions were well tolerated and pain-- free, with no side effects to report. PDT appears to be effective in the symptomatic treatment of vulvar lichen sclerosus. To the authors’ knowledge this is the first case reporting the use of inhaled nitrous oxide/oxygen gas mixture during PDT performed in the genital area. Its analgesic and sedative effects may increase patients’ adherence to this painful procedure. Furthermore, given its safety, it can be easily managed in outpatient clinics by trained dermatologists.

Conscious Sedation with Inhaled 50% Nitrous Oxide/Oxygen Premix in Photodynamic Therapy Sessions for Vulvar Lichen Sclerosus Treatment

Photodynamic therapy has been described as an effective therapeutic option in selected cases of anogenital lichen sclerosus that are refractory to first-line treatments. However, procedure-related pain is a limiting factor in patient adherence to treatment. The authors report the case of a 75-year-old woman with highly symptomatic vulvar lichen sclerosus, successfully treated with photodynamic therapy. An inhaled 50% nitrous oxide/oxygen premix was administered during sessions, producing a pain-relieving, anxiolytic, and sedative effect without loss of consciousness. This ready-to-use gas mixture may be a well-tolerated and accepted alternative to classical anesthetics in Photodynamic therapy, facilitating patients' adherence to illumination of pain-prone areas.