Food Allergy and Anaphylaxis in Infants and Preschool-Age Children

Food allergy (FA) prevalence data in infants and preschool-age children are sparse, and proposed risk factors lack confirmation. In this study, 19 children’s day care centers (DCC) from 2 main Portuguese cities were selected after stratification and cluster analysis. An ISAAC’s (International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood) derived health questionnaire was applied to a sample of children attending DCCs. Outcomes were FA parental report and anaphylaxis. Logistic regression was used to explore potential risk factors for reported FA. From the 2228 distributed questionnaires, 1217 were included in the analysis (54.6%). Children’s median age was 3.5 years, and 10.8% were described as ever having had FA. Current FA was reported in 5.7%. Three (0.2%) reports compatible with anaphylaxis were identified. Reported parental history of FA, personal history of atopic dermatitis, and preterm birth increased the odds for reported current FA. A high prevalence of parental-perceived FA in preschool-age children was identified. Risk factor identification may enhance better prevention.

An Update on Airborne Contact Dermatitis: 2001-2006

Reports on airborne dermatoses are mainly published in the context of occupational settings. Hence, in recent years, dermatologists and also occupational physicians have become increasingly aware of the airborne source of contact dermatitis, resulting mainly from exposure to irritants or allergens. However, their occurrence is still underestimated, because reports often omit the term 'airborne' in relation to dust or volatile allergens. For the present update, we screened the journals 'Contact Dermatitis' (July 2000 to December 2006); 'Dermatitis', formerly named 'American Journal of Contact Dermatitis'; 'La Lettre du Gerda' (January 2000 to December 2006); and also included relevant articles from other journals published during the same period. This resulted in an updated list of airborne dermatitis causes.

Síndrome de Eczema/Dermatite Atópica em Portugal - Perfil de Sensibilização

A dermatite atópica é uma doença inflamatória crónica da pele, tendo por base diversos mecanismos etiopatogénicos. Considerando a sua heterogeneidade, foi, recentemente, introduzida outra designação para esta patologia - Síndroma Eczema / Dermatite Atópica (SEDA). A associação com alergia alimentar ou respiratória parece ser variável entre as diferentes populações. Objectivo: Analisar um grupo de doentes referenciados à Consulta de Imunoalergologia com o diagnóstico de SEDA, com o intuito de avaliar a associação desta síndrome com a alergia alimentar e doença respiratória nesta população. Métodos: Do número total de primeiras consultas do nosso Serviço durante os anos 2000-01 (n = 3436) foram seleccionados todos os doentes com história de SEDA. A população foi analisada quanto a idade, sexo, existência de alergia alimentar, doença respiratória e resultados de testes cutâneos (TC) por picada. Resultados: Foram encontrados 193 doentes com uma idade média de 7,5 anos de idade (1 -54 anos) e relação F/M = 1 / 1,5. Eram 68 (35,8%) os doentes com SEDA isolada. SEDA associada a doença respiratória foi identificada em 113 (58,5%) e a alergia alimentar em 19 (9,8%) - na maioria dos casos manifestando-se por urticária / angioedema. Os TC revelaram-se positivos para aeroalergénios em 74% e para alergénios alimentares em 18% da amostra. Os TC foram positivos em 58,9% dos doentes com SEDA isolada, 84,2% dos doentes com alergia alimentar e 92% com doença respiratória. Conclusão: Em contraste com outras séries, foi encontrada uma baixa prevalência de alergia alimentar, na maioria dos casos manifestada por reacções imediatas. Mais de metade dos doentes estudados apresentava doença respiratória alérgica associada a uma elevada prevalência de sensibilização a aeroalergénios. Estes resultados reflectem a heterogeneidade das populações com SEDA e a importância dos aeroalergénios na nossa população.

In Vitro Methods for Specific IgE Detection on Cow’s Milk Allergy

Background: A new method for determining serum specific IgE (IMMULITE“ 2000 3gAllergy) has recently become available. Objective: To evaluate the clinical performance of IMMULITE 2000 in the diagnosis of cow’s milk allergy compared with that of UniCAP“. Additionally, we verified the behavior of both methods at two diagnostic decision points proposed by other authors. Methods: The study population consisted of 31 children with cow’s milk allergy (group A) and a control group of 19 atopic children without food allergy(group B). A blood sample from each child was tested using both methods and the results were compared. Results: In group A, the values for cow’s milk IgE ranged from 0.35 kU/L (the lowest common detection limit) to above 100 kU/L. In group B, the values were less than 1.1 kU/L for IMMULITE 2000 and less than 1.6 kU/L for UniCAP. An agreement of 90 % in IgE classes was obtained. Both methods demonstrated exactly the same diagnostic performance(sensitivity: 100 %; specificity: 78.9 %; negative predictive value: 100%; positive predictive value: 84.6%;efficiency: 90.2 %). The evaluation of the two methods at the two different decision points proposed in the literature showed a better positive predictive value with UniCAP, but we obtained equivalent performance with IMMULITE 2000 by choosing higher cutoff values. Conclusions: We conclude that IMMULITE 2000 is as effective as UniCAP in the diagnosis of cow’s milk allergy. Both methods can be used to obtain site-specific decision points that are population, age and disease dependent.

Dermatose Marítima por Contato com uma Caravela-Portuguesa

Durante a época do Verão, as lesões cutâneas que surgem na praia são um motivo frequente de recurso aos serviços de urgência e de consulta de dermatologia. Os autores descrevem o caso de uma criança com uma lesão maculopapular dolorosa que resultou de um provável contato com uma caravela-portuguesa. Não apresentava outros sinais ou sintomas pelo que foi medicada em ambulatório com analgesia, anti-histamínico e corticoide tópico. Após uma semana de evolução constatou-se resolução completa das lesões cutâneas. Apesar da gravidade da maioria dos casos de dermatoses marítimas encontradas em Portugal ser ligeira, considera-se ser importante o estudo da fauna e da flora de cada região para adequar os cuidados terapêuticos.

Cystic Fibrosis, Atopy, Asthma and ABPA

The role of atopy on cystic fibrosis (CF) progression remains unclear but evidence suggests that it may influence the appearance of co-morbid conditions such as CF asthma or allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA). Recognising asthma in patients with CF is not always easy but the identification of atopic markers favours the diagnosis. Physicians should be aware of this fact in order to achieve a better control of respiratory symptoms in patients with CF. Bronchial mucosa inflammation and abnormal mucus predispose to mould colonisation. These patients are at higher risk of allergic sensitisation, especially when atopic susceptibility is present. In the particular case of A. fumigatus, allergic sensitisation precedes ABPA development, which occurs in up to 10% of CF patients. Progression of lung function deterioration is most strikingly pronounced in patients with ABPA. Therefore, sensitisation with A. fumigatus should be regularly tested in patients with CF, especially those at higher risk. Recombinant allergens constitute an important advance in differentiating Aspergillus sensitisation from ABPA itself.

Dermite das Pálpebras. Estudo Retrospectivo de 5 Anos (2009-2013)

Introdução: A dermite das pálpebras é uma dermatose comum cuja etiologia é muitas vezes difícil de determinar, embora o eczema de contacto alérgico constitua a etiologia mais comum em doentes submetidos a provas epicutâneas. Este é um estudo retrospectivo de 5 anos para avaliar as etiologias e os alérgenos mais frequentes em doentes com eczema de contacto alérgico das pálpebras. Materiais e Métodos: Identificaram-se todos os doentes com dermite das pálpebras submetidos a provas epicutâneas na Consulta de Dermatologia do Hospital Curry Cabral no período de 2009-2013 (5 anos) por meio de uma base de dados informatizada. Resultados: No período de 5 anos (2009-2013) foi testado um total de 1341 doentes, dos quais 117 (8,7%) foram testados por dermite das pálpebras. A etiologia mais frequente foi o eczema de contacto alérgico (54 doentes) seguida de eczema atópico (22 doentes). A resina Formoltoluenosulfonamida foi o alérgeno mais frequentemente identificado. O grupo de alérgenos mais frequentemente apurado foi o dos conservantes, seguido dos grupos das fragrâncias e fármacos.

A Nonhealing Ulcer on the Nose. A Case Report

Dermatitis artefacta is a disease characterized by self-inflicted skin lesions as the result or manifestation of psychiatric disorders or specific stress situations. Clinical manifestations range from superficial erosions to deep wounds. Because of its rarity and the polymorphism of the lesions, dermatitis artefacta is often a challenge for the clinicians. This report presents the case of a 62-year-old woman who had an ulcer of the nose lasting for three years caused by digital manipulation. Early recognition of dermatitis artefacta is difficult but avoids unnecessary treatments. A multidisciplinary approach to this entity is necessary to obtain the best results.

Pseudo-Kaposi's Sarcoma Because of Suction-Socket Lower Limb Prosthesis

Pseudo-Kaposi sarcoma is a benign reactive vascular proliferation mainly involving the lower legs, which can be related to acquired chronic venous insufficiency or congenital arteriovenous malformations. In its most common presentation, acroangiodermatitis is seen in patients with chronic venous insufficiency of the lower limbs as an exaggeration of the stasis dermatitis. However, rare reports of acroangiodermatitis include descriptions in amputees (especially in those with poorly fitting suction-type devices), in patients undergoing hemodialysis (with lesions developing distally to arteriovenous shunts) and in patients with paralyzed legs. We report on a 28 year-old-male who presented pseudo-Kaposi's sarcoma in an amputation stump because of suction-socket lower limb prosthesis.