Traumatic Clivus Epidural Hematoma: Case Report and Review of the Literature

BACKGROUND: Traumatic clival epidural hematoma is an extremely rare reported entity. CASE DESCRIPTION: We describe the case of a 26-year-old woman involved in a car accident who presented with a Glasgow Coma Scale score of 13, bilateral abducens palsy, bilateral numbness on the mandibular territory of the trigeminal nerve, and left hypoglossal palsy. Radiological examinations revealed a clival epidural hematoma. The patient was managed conservatively, with clinical improvement of her neurological condition. This is the first traumatic clival epidural hematoma reported in an adult. From a review of the literature, we found only 8 cases. CONCLUSION: The pathophysiology of these hematomas is still a subject of debate; occipitoatlantoaxial ligamentous instability may play a role in it. In one third of the cases, bilateral cranial nerve palsies were associated. Apparently, they have a benign outcome.

Locally Advanced and Metastatic Prostate Cancer Treated with Intermittent Androgen Monotherapy or Maximal Androgen Blockade: Results from a Randomised Phase 3 Study by the South European Uroncological Group

BACKGROUND: Few randomised studies have compared antiandrogen intermittent hormonal therapy (IHT) with continuous maximal androgen blockade (MAB) therapy for advanced prostate cancer (PCa). OBJECTIVE: To determine whether overall survival (OS) on IHT (cyproterone acetate; CPA) is noninferior to OS on continuous MAB. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: This phase 3 randomised trial compared IHT and continuous MAB in patients with locally advanced or metastatic PCa. INTERVENTION: During induction, patients received CPA 200 mg/d for 2 wk and then monthly depot injections of a luteinising hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH; triptoreline 11.25 mg) analogue plus CPA 200 mg/d. Patients whose prostate-specific antigen (PSA) was <4 ng/ml after 3 mo of induction treatment were randomised to the IHT arm (stopped treatment and restarted on CPA 300 mg/d monotherapy if PSA rose to ≥20 ng/ml or they were symptomatic) or the continuous arm (CPA 200 mg/d plus monthly LHRH analogue). OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS AND STATISTICAL ANALYSIS: Primary outcome measurement was OS. Secondary outcomes included cause-specific survival, time to subjective or objective progression, and quality of life. Time off therapy in the intermittent arm was recorded. RESULTS AND LIMITATIONS: We recruited 1045 patients, of which 918 responded to induction therapy and were randomised (462 to IHT and 456 to continuous MAB). OS was similar between groups (p=0.25), and noninferiority of IHT was demonstrated (hazard ratio [HR]: 0.90; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.76-1.07). There was a trend for an interaction between PSA and treatment (p=0.05), favouring IHT over continuous therapy in patients with PSA ≤1 ng/ml (HR: 0.79; 95% CI, 0.61-1.02). Men treated with IHT reported better sexual function. Among the 462 patients on IHT, 50% and 28% of patients were off therapy for ≥2.5 yr or >5 yr, respectively, after randomisation. The main limitation is that the length of time for the trial to mature means that other therapies are now available. A second limitation is that T3 patients may now profit from watchful waiting instead of androgen-deprivation therapy. CONCLUSIONS: Noninferiority of IHT in terms of survival and its association with better sexual activity than continuous therapy suggest that IHT should be considered for use in routine clinical practice.

O Papel da Hemoglobina A1c no Rastreio de Intolerância à Glicose e da Diabetes Tipo 2 em Crianças e Adolescentes Obesos

Introdução: Em 2012, um comité internacional de peritos em diabetes aconselhou a hemoglobina glicada como teste de rastreio de intolerância à glicose e diabetes mellitus tipo 2 no adulto e em idade pediátrica. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a utilidade deste exame numa população de crianças e adolescentes obesos, maioritariamente de etnia caucasiana. Material e Métodos: Foram recrutados 226 doentes [índice de massa corporal z-score 3,35 ± 0,59, 90% caucasianos, 55% do sexo feminino, idade mediana de 12,3 (âmbito: 8,9 – 17,6) anos] referenciados à consulta de obesidade pediátrica de um hospital terciário, com critérios para rastreio de diabetes mellitus tipo 2. Situações de hemoglobinopatia ou de alteração da sobrevida eritrocitária foram excluídas. Todos os indivíduos foram submetidos a uma prova de tolerância à glicose oral e à medição da hemoglobina glicada. Resultados: Segundo a prova de tolerância à glicose oral, 13 (4,9%) eram pré-diabéticos e nenhum diabético. De acordo com a hemoglobina glicada, 32 seriam pré-diabéticos (29 falsos-positivos) e um diabético (falso positivo, sendo este, na realidade, apenas intolerante à glicose). Por outro lado, 10 pré-diabéticos não seriam identificados (falsos-negativos). A área sob a curva receiver operator characteristic analysis da hemoglobina glicada foi 0,59 (IC 95% 0,40 - 0,78), confirmando a sua reduzida capacidade de discriminação para pré-diabetes. Mais promissoras foram as áreas sob as curvas receiver operator characteristic analysis da glicemia em jejum (0,76; IC 95% 0,66 - 0,87), homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance (0,77; IC 95% 0,64 - 0,90) e razão triglicerídeos: colesterol HDL (0,81; IC 95% 0,66 - 0,96). Discussão: Em Pediatria, particularmente em populações maioritariamente caucasianas, a hemoglobina glicada parece ser uma má ferramenta para diagnóstico de pré-diabetes. Conclusão: Pelo exposto, parece-nos prematura a utilização da hemoglobina glicada com fins diagnósticos até um maior número de estudos estar disponível. O homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance e a razão triglicerídeos :colesterol HDL demonstraram uma maior exatidão diagnóstica, podendo ser calculados com base numa amostra única em jejum.