Planear a Alta do Doente Neurocirúrgico em Situação Crónica: o Retrato de uma Realidade

Cuidar de um doente crónico do foro neurocirúrgico é uma arte que requer da parte do enfermeiro o desenvolvimento de competências específicas, dado que é um processo longo e complexo. Esta complexidade, está relacionada não só com a dependência que o doente apresenta, mas também com a forte carga emocional que se reflecte na família/prestador de cuidados. A elaboração de um procedimento orientador de preparação para a alta emergiu como uma necessidade sentida pela equipa de enfermagem. Este procedimento sugere as etapas do ensino a efectuar, permitindo sinalizar o caminho percorrido, inventariar as actividades mais difíceis para o cuidador informal e ser ainda um instrumento de continuidade, para a equipa hospitalar e de comunidade. Esperamos que o desenvolvimento de competências na família, possa diminuir a ansiedade e o stress promovendo estratégias de coping no cuidado ao doente em estado vegetativo.

Routine Transthoracic Echocardiography in a General Intensive Care Unit: an 18 Month Survey in 704 Patients

The authors analyzed 704 transthoracic echocardiographic (TTE) examinations, performed routinely to all admitted patients to a general 16-bed Intensive Care Unit (ICU) during an 18-month period. Data acquisition and prevalence of abnormalities of cardiac structures and function were assessed, as well as the new, previously unknown severe diagnoses. A TTE was performed within the first 24 h of admission on 704 consecutive patients, with a mean age of 61.5+/-17.5 years, ICU stay of 10.6+/-17.1 days, APACHE II 22.6+/-8.9, and SAPS II 52.7+/-20.4. In four patients, TTE could not be performed. Left ventricular (LV) dimensions were quantified in 689 (97.8%) patients, and LV function in 670 (95.2%) patients. Cardiac output (CO) was determined in 610 (86.7%), and mitral E/A in 399 (85.9% of patients in sinus rhythm). Echocardiographic abnormalities were detected in 234 (33%) patients, the most common being left atrial (LA) enlargement (n=163), and LV dysfunction (n=132). Patients with these alterations were older (66+/-16.5 vs 58.1+/-17.4, p<0.001), presented a higher APACHE II score (24.4+/-8.7 vs 21.1+/-8.9, p<0.001), and had a higher mortality rate (40.1% vs 25.4%, p<0.001). Severe, previously unknown echocardiographic diagnoses were detected in 53 (7.5%) patients; the most frequent condition was severe LV dysfunction. Through a multivariate logistic regression analysis, it was determined that mortality was affected by tricuspid regurgitation (p=0.016, CI 1.007-1.016) and ICU stay (p<0.001, CI 1-1.019). We conclude that TTE can detect most cardiac structures in a general ICU. One-third of the patients studied presented cardiac structural or functional alterations and 7.5% severe previously unknown diagnoses.

A Evolução do Controlo de Infecção em Portugal

A primeira referência a controlo de infecção em Portugal remonta a 1930 mas é só em 1979 que é publicada a primeira circular informativa da Direcção-Geral dos Hospitais a qual divulgava a Resolução 31 do Conselho da Europa sobre a institucionalização das Comissões de Controlo de Infecção. Em 1986 é recomendado a todas as unidades de saúde o controlo de infecção, também pela DGH e, novamente, seguindo uma disposição do Conselho da Europa. Em 1993 aquela Direcção Geral decide pela necessidade de institucionalização das CCIH mas é só em 1996 que são criadas as CCIH em todas as unidades hospitalares públicas e privadas com definição, afectação de recursos humanos, físicos e financeiros e definida a composição e as atribuições. Três anos depois nasce o Programa Nacional de Controlo de Infecção com o objectivo de divulgar a verdadeira dimensão do problema e promover as medidas necessárias para a prevenção da infecção. O PNCI foi criado na DGS em 1996, transferido para o INS Dr. Ricardo Jorge em 1999, tendo regressado à DGS em 2006. No ano seguinte foi aprovado pelo Sr. Ministro da Saúde Dr. Correia de Campos e publicado em DR o Programa Nacional de Controlo de Infecção Associada aos Cuidados de Saúde. No mesmo ano é determinada pela DGS a reestruturação das CCI em todas as unidades de saúde, definida a organização, constituição e atribuições dos agrupamentos de Centros de Saúde, Administrações Regionais e Unidades de Cuidados Continuados. O PNCI tem missão bem definida e projectos desenvolvidos em áreas de vigilância epidemiológica, desenvolvimento de normas e boa prática e funções de consultoria e apoio. Em vigilância epidemiológica tem em campo os projectos HELICS-UCI, HELICS - Cirurgia, Infecções nosocomiais da corrente sanguínea, infecções em UCI - recém-nascidos e Inquéritos Nacionais de Prevalência. Têm sido emanadas inúmeras normas de boa prática e protocolos divulgados no sítio da DGS, micro sítio do PNCI. Os vários estudos têm gerado informação sob o ponto de vista nosológico, microbiológico, de resistência bacteriana e de uso de antibióticos, de importância fundamental para intervenção dirigida e avaliação de resultados.

Prognostic Factors in Adult Patients with Idiopathic IgA Nephropathy

Introduction. IgA nephropathy is the dominant primary glomerular disease found throughout the majority of the world’s developed countries. Accurately identifying patients who are at risk of progressive disease is challenging. We aimed to characterise clinical and histological features that predict poor prognosis in adults. Patients and Methods. We performed a single-centre retrospective observational study of biopsy-proven IgA nephropathy. The primary outcome was renal survival and death from any cause, and the secondary outcome was proteinuria remission. Results. Data from 49 cases were available for analysis with a median follow-up of 4 years. There were no deaths. Univariable analyses identified acute renal failure, low estimated glomerular filtration rate for ≥3 months (low eGFR), arterial hypertension, baseline proteinuria, glomerular sclerosis >50% and interstitial fibrosis >50% as poor prognostic markers. Low eGFR persisted significant by multivariable model that used only clinical parameters. Multivariable models with histopathologic parameters observed that tubular atrophy/interstitial fibrosis >50% was independently associated with the primary outcome. Proteinuria remission throughout follow-up had no prognostic value in our revision. Conclusions. Two independent predictors of poor renal survival at time of biopsy were found: low eGFR and tubular atrophy/interstitial fibrosis >50%.

Saúde Sexual e Reprodutiva das Adolescentes - a Nossa Realidade

Overview and Aims: Several behavioral and biological factors can make adolescents particularly vulnerable to unwanted pregnancies and sexually transmitted diseases. The aim of this study was to evaluate sexual behavior and contraceptive use patterns of a population of adolescents. Study Design: Retrospective study. Population: 163 female adolescents attending an Adolescence Unit for the first time, during 2010. Methods: Analysis of clinical charts and assessment of demographic data, smoking and drinking habits, drug use, gynecologic and obstetric history, sexual behavior and contraceptive use. Results: The mean age was 16.04 years (±1.32). 71.7% were students (of these, 70% had failed one or more years and were behind in their studies), 2.5% were working and 23.9% were neither studying or working. 95.1% had already had sexual intercourse and the mean age of first coitus was 14.53 years (±1.24). There was a history of at least one previous pregnancy in 77.3% of the cases. Before the first appointment at the AU, the contraceptive methods used were: the pill (33.2%, but 41.3% of these reported inconsistent use), and the condom (23.9%, with inconsistent use in 28.3% of these cases). 19.6% did not use any contraceptive method.. After counseling at the AU, 54% of the teenagers chose the contraceptive implant and 35% preferred the pill. Adolescents who had already been pregnant preferred a long acting method (namely, the contraceptive implant)in 61.9% of cases; those who had never been pregnant decided to use an oral contraceptive in 67.6% of cases (p<0.001). Conclusions: After counseling the number of teenagers using contraception increased. In this population there were a high number of adolescents with a previous pregnancy. This factor seems to have influenced the choice of the contraceptive method, with most of these adolescents choosing a long-acting method.

Neurofibromatose de Von Recklinghausen

A neurofibromatose é uma doença multissistémica na qual as possíveis múltiplas manifestações clínicas podem ter importantes implicações diagnósticas e prognósticas: se coexiste hipertensão arterial, vários mecanismos patogénicos justificam que se considere a possibilidade da etiologia secundária. Neste trabalho, revemos mecanismos patogénicos e manifestações clínicas, e apontamos estratégias diagnósticas para anomalias e doenças, que embora presentes, podem estar ocultas.

Variation in Haemodynamic Monitoring for Major Surgery in European Nations: Secondary Analysis of the EuSOS Dataset

BACKGROUND: The use of cardiac output monitoring may improve patient outcomes after major surgery. However, little is known about the use of this technology across nations. METHODS: This is a secondary analysis of a previously published observational study. Patients aged 16 years and over undergoing major non-cardiac surgery in a 7-day period in April 2011 were included into this analysis. The objective is to describe prevalence and type of cardiac output monitoring used in major surgery in Europe. RESULTS: Included in the analysis were 12,170 patients from the surgical services of 426 hospitals in 28 European nations. One thousand four hundred and sixteen patients (11.6 %) were exposed to cardiac output monitoring, and 2343 patients (19.3 %) received a central venous catheter. Patients with higher American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) scores were more frequently exposed to cardiac output monitoring (ASA I and II, 643 patients [8.6 %]; ASA III-V, 768 patients [16.2 %]; p < 0.01) and central venous catheter (ASA I and II, 874 patients [11.8 %]; ASA III-V, 1463 patients [30.9 %]; p < 0.01). In elective surgery, 990 patients (10.8 %) were exposed to cardiac output monitoring, in urgent surgery 252 patients (11.7 %) and in emergency surgery 173 patients (19.8 %). A central venous catheter was used in 1514 patients (16.6 %) undergoing elective, in 480 patients (22.2 %) undergoing urgent and in 349 patients (39.9 %) undergoing emergency surgery. Nine hundred sixty patients (7.9 %) were monitored using arterial waveform analysis, 238 patients (2.0 %) using oesophageal Doppler ultrasound, 55 patients (0.5 %) using a pulmonary artery catheter and 44 patients (2.0 %) using other technologies. Across nations, cardiac output monitoring use varied from 0.0 % (0/249 patients) to 27.5 % (19/69 patients), whilst central venous catheter use varied from 5.6 % (7/125 patients) to 43.2 % (16/37 patients). CONCLUSIONS: One in ten patients undergoing major surgery is exposed to cardiac output monitoring whilst one in five receives a central venous catheter. The use of both technologies varies widely across Europe.