Risk of Surgery for Congenital Heart Disease in the Adult: a Multicentered European Study

BACKGROUND: Surgery for congenital heart disease (CHD) has changed considerably during the last three decades. The results of primary repair have steadily improved, to allow treating almost all patients within the pediatric age; nonetheless an increasing population of adult patients requires surgical treatment. The objective of this study is to present the early surgical results of patients who require surgery for CHD in the adult population within a multicentered European study population. METHODS: Data relative to the hospital course of 2,012 adult patients (age > or = 18 years) who required surgical treatment for CHD from January 1, 1997 through December 31, 2004 were reviewed. Nineteen cardiothoracic centers from 13 European countries contributed to the data collection. RESULTS: Mean age at surgery was 34.4 +/- 14.53 years. Most of the operations were corrective procedures (1,509 patients, 75%), followed by reoperations (464 patients, 23.1%) and palliative procedures (39 patients, 1.9%). Six hundred forty-nine patients (32.2%) required surgical closure of an isolated ostium secundum atrial septal defect. Overall hospital mortality was 2%. Preoperative cyanosis, arrhythmias, and NYHA class III-IV, proved significant risk factors for hospital mortality. Follow-up data were available in 1,342 of 1,972 patients (68%) who were discharged home. Late deaths occurred in 6 patients (0.5%). Overall survival probability was 97% at 60 months, which is higher for corrective procedures (98.2%) if compared with reoperations (94.1%) and palliations (86.1%). CONCLUSIONS: Surgical treatment of CHD in adult patients, in specialized cardiac units, proved quite safe, beneficial, and low-risk.

Resultado do Obstétrico de Gravidezes Gemelares Resultantes de Fecundação in Vitro, Microinjeção e Estimulação da Ovulação em Comparação com Espontâneas

Introduction: Uncontrolled studies suggest that twins conceived by in vitro fertilization have increased rates of preterm birth and low birth weight and would warrant increased antenatal monitoring. The objective of this study was to compare the obstetric outcome of twin pregnancies conceived by in vitro fertilization or intracytoplasmic sperm injection (IVF/ICSI) and ovulation induction with those conceived spontaneously. Methods: All twin deliveries achieved by IVF/ICSI (n=235) and ovulation induction (n=68) from September 1994 through December 2010 were evaluated. Both groups and an additional control group who conceived spontaneously (n=997) and was delivered during the same time period were compared with each other. Results: In univariate analysis, patients who conceived with the assistance of IVF/ICSI had a significantly higher risk of being older (p=0.01), nulliparous (p=0.01), having hypertensive disorders (p=0.012), gestational diabetes mellitus (p=0.031), cesarean section (p=0.008) and lower gestational age at birth, compared with the control group. Newborns had similar birthweights in all groups (2229±544g; 2102±619g; 2251±553g). Spontaneous pregnancies had a higher risk of being monochorionic 38.4% versus 16.2% and 10.2% (p=0.01). Multivariate analysis however showed that patients who conceived with the assistance of IVF/ICSI only had a higher risk of gestational diabetes (OR=1.91,95%CI 1.168-3.120; p=0.01). Conclusions: Our study shows that twin pregnancies conceived with the assistance of IVF/ICSI had a higher risk of gestacional diabetes and a lower gestacional age at birth. Birthweights were similar, as was the incidence of perinatal death, low birth weight infants, and congenital malformations.

Uso (ou Abuso) de Fármacos na Idade Pediátrica

Introdução e Objectivos: A exposição a fármacos na idade pediátrica pode ser nociva. A utilização elevada de medicamentos não aprovados em Pediatria, bem como o uso para sintomas em que a sua eficácia não foi comprovada, tem sido descrita de forma preocupante. Foi objectivo deste estudo avaliar o padrão de consumo de fármacos numa população pediátrica portuguesa. Métodos: Estudo transversal, com recrutamento prospectivo dos casos e amostra de conveniência; recolha de dados por inquérito; incluídas crianças, sem doença crónica, que recorreram ao serviço de urgência de um hospital na área da Grande Lisboa, num período de dois meses. Resultados: Foram incluídas 189 crianças com idade média de 5,8 anos. A proporção de crianças com consumo de fármacos, nos trêsmeses precedentes, foi de 120/189 (63,5%) – superior entre os seis e 24 meses (74%vs 58,5%; p=0,038).Os fármacos mais prescritos foram os analgésicos/antipiréticos e anti-inflamatórios (83/202, 41,1%), os antibióticos (52/202, 25,8%) e os anti-histamínicos (14/202, 7%). Em 96/202 casos (47,5%) eram medicamentos não sujeitos a receita médica e em 33/174 (19,1%) “automedicações”. Verificou-se utilização de anti-histamínicos, expectorantes, analgésicos e anti-inflamatórios não recomendados para a faixa etária. O consumo de antibióticos foi mais elevado entre os seis e 24 meses (36%vs 18,5%; p=0,012), com predomínio da associação amoxicilina/ácido clavulânico (21/52, 40,4%). Em seis casos foram relatados possíveis efeitos secundários. Conclusões: De acordo com o nosso conhecimento este é o primeiro estudo em Portugal a avaliar o padrão de utilização de fármacos em Pediatria. Este consumo foi elevado, sobretudo na infância precoce, evidenciando a necessidade de vigilância e regulamentação adequadas. Os medicamentos não sujeitos a receita médica, amplamente utilizados, poderão associar-se a riscos acrescidos, pela facilidade no seu acesso. O uso frequente de antibióticos, sobretudo de largo espectro, poderá vir a associar-se ao desenvolvimento de resistências.