Mixomas Cardíacos, 13 Anos de Experiência no seu Diagnóstico Ecocardiográfico

INTRODUCTION: Transthoracic echocardiography is the method of choice for the diagnosis of cardiac myxomas, but the transesophageal approach provides a better definition of the location and characteristics of the tumor. The authors review their thirteen years' experience on the echocardiographic diagnosis of this pathology. METHODS: From 1994 to 2007, 41 cardiac tumors were diagnosed in our echocardiographic laboratory, of which 27 (65.85%) were cardiac myxomas. The exams and the patients' clinical files were retrospectively reviewed. RESULTS: Of the 27 patients, 22 (81.5%) were female, with a mean age of 62.1 +/- 13.6 years (25-84 years). The predominant clinical features were due to the obstruction caused by the tumor in more than two thirds of the patients, followed by constitutional symptoms in one third and embolic events in 30%. In the lab results, anemia was found in three patients and elevated sedimentation rate and CRP in two. In two patients the myxoma was found by chance. All the cases were of the sporadic type, although we found a prevalence of thyroid disease of 14% (4 patients). All patients underwent urgent surgical resection except one, in whom surgery was refused due to advanced age and comorbidities. The myxomas followed a typical distribution with 24 (88.8%) located in the left atrium, 18 of them attached to the atrial septum (AS) and two to the mitral valve. In one patient, the tumor involved both atria. The other two cases originated in the right atrium at the AS. Embolic phenomena were more frequent in small tumors (p = 0.027) and in those with a villous appearance (p = 0.032). Obstructive manifestations were associated with larger tumors (p = 0.046) and larger left atria (p = 0.048). In our series, there were no deaths during hospitalization or in the follow-up period of 5.2 +/- 3.7 years in 19 patients. There were two recurrences, both patients being successfully reoperated. CONCLUSION: Myxoma is the most common cardiac tumor. Transesophageal echocardiography provides excellent morphologic definition, aiding in diagnosis and follow-up. Most clinical manifestations are obstructive and are associated with larger tumors. Small tumors with a friable appearance have a higher chance of embolization. Surgical resection is usually curative and the long-term prognosis is excellent.

Risco da Exposição à Radiação Ionizante Durante Procedimentos Endovasculares

Objectivos: Com a generalização dos procedimentos endovasculares, cresce a preocupação com os efeitos deletérios que a execução continuada de tais procedimentos radiológicos acarreta. Com este trabalho pretendeu-se avaliar e quantificar a distribuição pela equipa cirúrgica da exposição à radiação dispersa, emitida por um aparelho portátil de radioscopia com arco cirúrgico (arco em C), durante a utilização em bloco operatório. Material e métodos: O registo e avaliação da dose de radiação foram efectuados em sala do bloco operatório reproduzindo as condições habituais em que decorrem os procedimentos endovasculares. Para a simulação geométrica do tórax do doente foi utilizado um fantoma cilíndrico de polimetilmetacrilato (PMMA) com 15 cm de espessura. A radiação dispersa foi medida para o local do cirurgião, ajudante, anestesista e enfermeira instrumentista, através de um monitor de radiação portátil RaySafe Xi Survey Detector, tendo sido ajustada a medição para a avaliação da taxa de dose de exposição à radiação em mGy/s a diversas alturas do solo e distâncias do doente. Utilizou-se ainda o detetor RaySafe Xi R/F para a medição da taxa de dose de exposição na superfície de entrada da pele do doente. As medições foram efectuadas em modo de fl uoroscopia pulsada de 4 quadros por segundo (qps), subtração digital e roadmap, com a combinação dos três modos de magnifi cação electrónica disponíveis (Mag1, Mag2 e Mag3). Em todos os casos foi considerada a Dose 3, o nível de dose máxima do aparelho que fornece a melhor qualidade de imagem através do controlo automático em tempo real do contraste e do brilho. Resultados: A análise dos dados permitiu determinar a distribuição da radiação dispersa pela equipa assistente, constatando-se como nível máximo de exposição, a altura ao solo de 120 cm no modo de subtracção digital e roadmap. A este nível, a intensidade da radiação dispersa em relação à taxa de dose de exposição na superfície de entrada da pele do doente é distribuída em 0,47% pelo cirurgião, 0,21% pelo anestesista, 0,32% pelo ajudante e 0,13% pela enfermeira instrumentista. A utilização de subtração digital e roadmap aumentou o nível de radiação cerca de 5 vezes em relação à fluoroscopia pulsada a 4 qps, tanto na taxa de dose de exposição na superfície de entrada da pele do doente como na radiação dispersa pela equipa. Quando utilizados os meios de proteção radiológica os níveis de radiação foram consideravelmente inferiores. Conclusões: Atendendo à dispersão prevista da radiação determinou-se que a proximidade da ampola aumenta a quantidade de radiação dispersa que atinge o corpo. Quando utilizado o equipamento de proteção individual, os níveis de radiação dispersa são consideravelmente menores e permitem doses acumuladas abaixo dos limites aceitáveis.

Conscious Sedation with Inhaled 50% Nitrous Oxide/Oxygen Premix in Photodynamic Therapy Sessions for Vulvar Lichen Sclerosus Treatment

Photodynamic therapy has been described as an effective therapeutic option in selected cases of anogenital lichen sclerosus that are refractory to first-line treatments. However, procedure-related pain is a limiting factor in patient adherence to treatment. The authors report the case of a 75-year-old woman with highly symptomatic vulvar lichen sclerosus, successfully treated with photodynamic therapy. An inhaled 50% nitrous oxide/oxygen premix was administered during sessions, producing a pain-relieving, anxiolytic, and sedative effect without loss of consciousness. This ready-to-use gas mixture may be a well-tolerated and accepted alternative to classical anesthetics in Photodynamic therapy, facilitating patients' adherence to illumination of pain-prone areas.

Decreasing Incidence and Changes in Serotype Distribution of Invasive Pneumococcal Disease in Persons Aged Under 18 Years Since Introduction of 10-Valent and 13-Valent Conjugate Vaccines in Portugal, July 2008 to June 2012

The 10-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV10) became available in Portugal in mid-2009 and the 13-valent vaccine (PCV13) in early 2010. The incidence of invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) in patients aged under 18 years decreased from 8.19 cases per 100,000 in 2008–09 to 4.52/100,000 in 2011–12. However, IPD incidence due to the serotypes included in the 7-valent conjugate vaccine (PCV7) in children aged under two years remained constant. This fall resulted from significant decreases in the number of cases due to: (i) the additional serotypes included in PCV10 and PCV13 (1, 5, 7F; from 37.6% to 20.6%), particularly serotype 1 in older children; and (ii) the additional serotypes included in PCV13 (3, 6A, 19A; from 31.6% to 16.2%), particularly serotype 19A in younger children. The decrease in serotype 19A before vaccination indicates that it was not triggered by PCV13 administration. The decrease of serotype 1 in all groups, concomitant with the introduction of PCV10, is also unlikely to have been triggered by vaccination, although PCVs may have intensified and supported these trends. PCV13 serotypes remain major causes of IPD, accounting for 63.2% of isolates recovered in Portugal in 2011–12, highlighting the potential role of enhanced vaccination in reducing paediatric IPD in Portugal.