Neuropsychological Abnormalities in Children with the Panayiotopoulos Syndrome Point to Parietal Lobe Dysfunction

Panayiotopoulos syndrome (PS) is a common epilepsy syndrome associated with rare clinical seizures and unknown localization of the epileptogenic area. Despite findings of normal development in patientswith PS, recent neuropsychological studies point to subtle and diverse cognitive impairments. No well-outlined hypothesis about the localization of the brain dysfunction responsible for these impairments has been proposed.We further explored the cognitive dysfunctions in PS andmade inferences on the most likely anatomical localization of brain impairment. A group of 19 patients (aged 6–12) with PS was rated according to spike activity and lateralization. The patients were submitted to a neuropsychological evaluation to assess general intelligence, memory, language, visual–perceptual abilities, attention, and executive functions. Using 35-channel scalp EEG recordings, the N170 face-evoked event-related potential (ERP)was obtained to assess the functional integrity of the ventral pathway. All patientswith PS showed normal IQ but subtle and consistent neurocognitive impairments. Namely, we found abnormalities in the copy task of the Rey–Osterrieth Complex Figure and in theNarrative Memory Test. There was no correlation between neuropsychological impairments with spike activity and hemispheric spike lateralization. The N170 ERP was normal in all patients except for one. Our neuropsychological findings demonstrate impairments in visual–perceptual abilities and in semantic processing. These findings, paired with the absence of occipital lobe dysfunction in all neuropsychological studies of PS performed to this date, support the existence of parietal lobe dysfunction.

Hereditary Neuropathy with Liability to Pressure Palsy Presenting with Hand Drop in a Young Child

Hereditary neuropathy with liability to pressure palsy (HNPP) results from the deletion of the PMP22 gene in chromosome 17p11.2. Clinically, it presents with painless pressure palsies, typically in the 2nd and 3rd decades of life, being a rare entity in childhood. We present the case study of a six-year-old male child who presented with left hand drop that he kept for over four weeks. Electrophysiological studies suggested HNPP and genetic studies confirmed it. With this paper, we pretend to create awareness to this entity as a diagnosis to be considered in a child with painless monoparesis and to emphasize the importance of electrophysiological studies in the diagnosis.

Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia and Hydrocephalus With Aqueductal Stenosis

We report 1 female patient with situs inversus, dextrocardia, a complex heart malformation, hydrocephalus due to aqueductal stenosis, and abnormal ultrastructure of the respiratory epithelium cilia. Several animal models of this disorder implicate abnormal ciliary function in the genesis of hydrocephalus, and 11 patients were previously reported with hydrocephalus and the syndrome of primary ciliary dyskinesia. primary ciliary dyskinesia–associated aqueductal stenosis should be considered as a possible cause for fetal or neonatal hydrocephalus if heterotaxy, heart malformations, and/or a probable genetic etiology are present.

Atypical Phenotype in Two Patients with LAMA2 Mutations

Congenital muscular dystrophy type 1A is caused by mutations in the LAMA2 gene, which encodes the a2-chain of laminin. We report two patients with partial laminin-a2 deficiency and atypical phenotypes, one with almost exclusive central nervous system involvement (cognitive impairment and refractory epilepsy) and the second with marked cardiac dysfunction, rigid spine syndrome and limb-girdle weakness. Patients underwent clinical, histopathological, imaging and genetic studies. Both cases have two heterozygous LAMA2 variants sharing a potentially pathogenic missense mutation c.2461A>C (p.Thr821Pro) located in exon 18. Brain MRI was instrumental for the diagnosis, since muscular examination and motor achievements were normal in the first patient and there was a severe cardiac involvement in the second. The clinical phenotype of the patients is markedly different which could in part be explained by the different combination of mutations types (two missense versus a missense and a truncating mutation).

Comparison of Methods and Co-Registration Maps of EEG and fMRI in Occipital Lobe Epilepsy

Clinically childhood occipital lobe epilepsy (OLE) manifests itself with distinct syndromes. The traditional EEG recordings have not been able to overcome the difficulty in correlating the ictal clinical symptoms to the onset in particular areas of the occipital lobes. To understand these syndromes it is important to map with more precision the epileptogenic cortical regions in OLE. Experimentally, we studied three idiopathic childhood OLE patients with EEG source analysis and with the simultaneous acquisition of EEG and fMRI, to map the BOLD effect associated with EEG spikes. The spatial overlap between the EEG and BOLD results was not very good, but the fMRI suggested localizations more consistent with the ictal clinical manifestations of each type of epileptic syndrome. Since our first results show that by associating the BOLD effect with interictal spikes the epileptogenic areas are mapped to localizations different from those calculated from EEG sources and that by using different EEG/fMRI processing methods our results differ to some extent, it is very important to compare the different methods of processing the localization of activation and develop a good methodology for obtaining co-registration maps of high resolution EEG with BOLD localizations.

Optimization of fMRI Processing Parameters for Simutaneous Acquisition of EEG/fMRI in Focal Epilepsy

In the context of focal epilepsy, the simultaneous combination of electroencephalography (EEG) and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) holds a great promise as a technique by which the hemodynamic correlates of interictal spikes detected on scalp EEG can be identified. The fact that traditional EEG recordings have not been able to overcome the difficulty in correlating the ictal clinical symptoms to the onset in particular areas of the lobes, brings the need of mapping with more precision the epileptogenic cortical regions. On the other hand, fMRI suggested localizations more consistent with the ictal clinical manifestations detected. This study was developed in order to improve the knowledge about the way parameters involved in the physical and mathematical data, produced by the EEG/fMRI technique processing, would influence the final results. The evaluation of the accuracy was made by comparing the BOLD results with: the high resolution EEG maps; the malformative lesions detected in the T1 weighted MR images; and the anatomical localizations of the diagnosed symptomatology of each studied patient. The optimization of the set of parameters used, will provide an important contribution to the diagnosis of epileptogenic focuses, in patients included on an epilepsy surgery evaluation program. The results obtained allowed us to conclude that: by associating the BOLD effect with interictal spikes, the epileptogenic areas are mapped to localizations different from those obtained by the EEG maps representing the electrical potential distribution across the scalp (EEG); there is an important and solid bond between the variation of particular parameters (manipulated during the fMRI data processing) and the optimization of the final results, from which smoothing, deleted volumes, HRF (used to convolve with the activation design), and the shape of the Gamma function can be certainly emphasized.

Neuropatia Periférica Familiar por Susceptibilidade ao Entrapment (Neuropatia Tomaculosa)

Os autores apresentam um caso de neuropatia periférica familiar por susceptibilidade ao entrapment e comparam-no com os descritos na literatura. As principais características desta neuropatia são: hereditariedade autossómica dominante, mononeuropatias recorrentes de localização variável (cubital, mediano, ciático poplíteo, externo, plexo braquial) e aspectos morfológicos característicos na biópsia do nervo. O nervo sensitivo revela alterações predominantes desmielinizantes, com espessamentos focais (tomáculos) nas fibras mielinizadas restantes e mostra numerosas estruturas subperineurais denominadas corpos de renaut. O EMG revela, em concordância, diminuição das velocidades de condução e aumento dos tempos de latência distal.

Semiologia e Classificação das Mioclonias

As mioclonias podem apresentar-se clinicamente de inúmeras formas e em diferentes contextos nosológicos. Os autores descrevem os diferentes tipos de mioclonias, entendidas corno um sinal ou englobadas numa síndroma, com base numa classificação semiológica e etiológica. E feita uma referência especial ao grupo das epilepsias mioclónicas progressivas.

Doenças do Movimento Induzidas pela Terapêutica com Neurolépticos

Os neurolépticos são fármacos que, quer o Psiquiatra quer o Neurologista, utilizam na sua prática clínica diária. Actuam, a nível do Sistema Nervoso Central, bloqueando os receptores dopaminérgicos pós-sinápticos D2, sendo a sua potência antipsicótica directamente proporcional a esse bloqueio. De entre os efeitos neurológicos secundários induzidos pela terapêutica com neurolépticos, as doenças do movimento são, simultaneamente, as mais importantes e frequentes. Será sobre elas que este trabalho incidirá, procurando os autores abordar os aspectos que consideram essenciais.

A Neurociência e o Ensino Médico

Efectua-se uma breve síntese histórica documentando a génese e desenvolvimento da Neurociência. Analisam-se, em particular, os progressos a nível molecular e suas implicações para a prática clínica. Com base nestes considerandos históricos é discutida a filosofia geral, que deverá presidir à elaboração dos programas e à metodologia do ensino da Neurociência em Medicina. Conclui-se, sublinhando a necessidade de uma expansão e reorganização do ensino de Neurociência no nosso país, a nível pré-graduado e pós-graduado da educação médica.

Aspectos Neuroquímicos da Doença de Alzheimer

A Doença de Alzheimer é uma das doenças neurodegenerativas progressivas mais graves, sendo frequente na população idosa. É responsável por um número significativo de casos de demência senil. Trata-se de um problema de saúde pública da maior importância, se tivermos em conta a tendência actual para o aumento significativo da longevidade da população mundial. Este artigo tem por objectivo rever as características neuroquímicas e histopatológicas da Doença de Alzheimer, bem como os mais recentes avanços terapêuticos nesta área.

Neurobrucelose. Revisão de 8 Casos

A brucelose é uma doença endémica em Portugal, tendo-se registado um aumento da incidência em 1994. A neurobrucelose (NB), embora surja em apenas 5 a 1000 dos casos de infecção crónica , tem formas de apresentação heterogéneas colocando dificuldades de diagnóstico diferencial. Através da revisão dos processos clínicos de quatro anos de internamento no Serviço de Neurologia do Hospital de ST. António dos Capuchos os autores analisam o quadro clínico, exames complementares, terapêutica, evolução o diagnóstico diferencial de oito doentes com neurobrucelose.

Síndromes Paraneoplásicas Neurológicas

Algumas síndromes neurológicas estão ocasionalmente associadas ao cancro sistémico, na forma de síndrome paraneoplásica. Destas, a degenerescência cerebelosa subaguda, neuronopatia sensitiva, dermatomiosite polimiosite, síndrome miasténica de Eaton-Lambert e neuronopatia motora subaguda tornam obrigatória uma investigação exaustiva, no sentido de identificar o tumor primitivo, devido à sua forte correlação com neoplasia oculta.Os AA apresentam uma revisão sumária destas síndromes, ilustrando as três primeiras com casos clínicos. Faz-se referência aos aspectos imunológicos associados e à sua importância na caracterização destas entidades.