Epidemiology of Asthma and Allergic Diseases in Portuguese Speaking Regions

The application of the same epidemiological methods in different countries allows important comparisons between different races and cultures. During the last decade, two large multi-centres epidemiological studies, the Portuguese Study of Allergic Diseases in Childhood (PAC study) and the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC study), were implemented in Portuguese speaking regions. The main objectives were to assess and compare allergic diseases prevalence. The authors stress out the significant differences observed in schoolchildren from the three continents, with different genetic and environmental background. It was found an increase trend in the prevalence of all allergic diseases, mainly rhinitis, in last decade. Rhinitis has been identified as an independent risk factor for asthma in Caucasian population.

Phaeohyphomycosis Caused by Alternaria Infectoria Presenting as Multiple Vegetating Lesions in a Renal Transplant Patient

The genus Alternaria is one of the most common black moulds and appears to be increasing as a causative agent of subcutaneous phaeohyphomycosis, particularly among immunosuppressed patients. A 53-year-old patient who had received a kidney transplant presented with multiple verrucous lesions on the distal extremities. Positive histopathology and cultures, in addition to rDNA ITS region sequencing, identified the fungal isolate as Alternaria infectoria. Oral itraconazole was administered for 10 months. A follow-up at 15 months demonstrated no signs of infection. Clinical manifestations of cutaneous alternariosis vary significantly and only a few cases have been described in the literature. Although optimal treatment options remain controversial, this case of phaeohyphomycosis was successfully treated with itraconazole monotherapy.

Simulador de Técnicas de Depuração Extra-Renal/Hemofiltração: Uso da Simulação para Treino no Manuseamento deste Dispositivo

Introdução: A simulação possibilita o ensino e treino de técnicas de suporte de vida complexas sem riscos para o doente. Até ao momento, as únicas opções de treino no manuseamento de terapêuticas de depuração extra-renal contínua (TDEC) eram a aprendizagem directa em doentes submetidos a esta técnica ou mediante observação dos efeitos da manipulação do circuito não conectado ao doente. Por este motivo foi elaborado um simulador de TDEC, usado em cursos de simulação realizados para treino de equipas de cuidados intensivos pediátricos (UCIP). Objectivos: Analisar a performance e utilidade de um novo simulador que possibilita o controlo externo do dispositivo de TDEC, simulando "in situ" cenários que mimetizam condições de doentes tratados com TDEC. Métodos: Foi criado um dispositivo que, uma vez conectado ao aparelho de TDEC, permite o controlo em tempo real de todas as pressões de hemofiltração, de acordo com as condições clínicas e acções dos participantes. Foram simulados diversos cenários e complicações possíveis em doentes submetidos a estas técnicas e avaliada a performance deste dispositivo "in vitro". A satisfação dos participantes foi avaliada mediante a aplicação de um inquérito. Resultados: Foram realizados 4 cursos de TDEC de Maio de 2009 a Março de 2012. Incluídos 60 participantes, todos com experiência clínica prévia em UCIP. Realizados 32 cenários, abrangendo complicações relacionados com o cateter, coagulação dos filtros e ajuste inadequado dos parâmetros de hemofiltração. Nos cenários simulados, o dispositivo simulador permitiu, em tempo real, mudanças simples e rápidas nas pressões do monitor de TDEC e em resposta às atitudes tomadas pelos participantes para a sua resolução. Não foram registadas intercorrências relacionadas com disfunção do dispositivo. Os participantes consideraram-no muito útil como ferramenta de aprendizagem activa, permitindo uma gestão realista das condições clínicas simuladas, com potencial impacto sobre a sua futura prática diária. Os instrutores consideraram-no fácil de manusear e realista. Conclusões: Este simulador permite uma simulação mais fidedigna dos cenários de TDEC, resolvendo o problema da interferência do instrutor no cenário simulado. Este poderia melhorar as capacidades dos simuladores de alta fidelidade disponíveis e utilizar-se como uma ferramenta docente na formação de profissionais de saúde.

Thoracic Manifestations of Connective Tissue Diseases

Connective tissue diseases (CTDs) comprise several immunologic systemic disorders, each of which associated with a particular set of clinical manifestations and autoimmune profile. CTDs may cause numerous thoracic abnormalities, which vary in frequency and pattern according to the underlying disorder. The CTDs that most commonly involve the respiratory system are progressive systemic sclerosis, systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, Sjögren syndrome, polymyositis, dermatomyositis, and mixed connective tissue disease. Pulmonary abnormalities in this group of patients may result from CTD-related lung disease or treatment complications, namely drug toxicity and opportunistic infections. The most important thoracic manifestations of CTDs are interstitial lung disease and pulmonary arterial hypertension, with nonspecific interstitial pneumonia being the most common pattern of interstitial lung disease. High-resolution computed tomography is a valuable tool in the initial evaluation and follow-up of patients with CTDs. As such, general knowledge of the most common high-resolution computed tomographic features of CTD-related lung disease allows the radiologist to contribute to better patient management.

A Prospective Assessment of Renal Transplantation Versus Haemodialysis: Which Therapeutic Modality Is Good Value for Society?

Background: Economic evaluations help health authorities facing budget constraints. This study compares the health-related quality of life (HRQOL) and costs in patient subgroups on haemodialysis (HD) and renal transplantation (KT). Methods: In a prospective study with follow-up of 1-3 years, we performed a costutility analysis of KT vs. HD, adopting a lifetime horizon. A societal perspective was taken. Costs for organ procurement, KT eligibility, transplant surgery and follow-up of living donors were included. Key clinical events were recorded. HRQOL was assessed using the EuroQol instrument. Results: The HRQOL remained stable on HD patients. After KT, mean utility score improved at 3 months while mean EQ-VAS scores showed a sustained improvement. Mean annual cost for HD was 32,567.57€. Mean annual costs for KT in the year-1 and in subsequent years were, 60,210.09€ and 12,956.77€ respectively. Cost for initial hospitalization averaged 18,740.74€. HLA-mismatches increased costs by 75% for initial hospitalization (p < 0.001) and 41% in the year-1 (p < 0.05), and duplicate the risk of readmission in the year-1 (p < 0.05). The incremental costutility ratio was 5,534.46€/QALY, increasing 35% when costs for organ procurement were added. KT costs were 41,541.63€ more but provided additional 7.51 QALY. Conclusions: The KT is cost-effective compared with HD. Public funding should reflect the value created by the intervention and adapt to the organ demand.

Calcinose Cutis, Insuficiência Renal e Heparinas de Baixo Peso Molecular Contendo Cálcio

Foi solicitada observação por Dermatologia de uma doente de 35 anos de idade, de raça negra, por 2 nódulos subcutâneos localizados na região paraumbilical direita e flanco direito com 2 semanas de evolução. Da história prévia, destaque para doença renal crónica em programa de hemodiálise e infeção pelo vírus da imunodeficiência humana (VIH-1). Ao exame objetivo observaram-se 2 nódulos bem delimitados, subcutâneos, sem alteração da coloração; à palpação, estes eram dolorosos, de consistência pétrea e não aderentes aos planos profundos. Foi realizada biópsia incisional para exame histopatológico, que confirmou a hipótese diagnóstica de calcinose cutis. Uma revisão cuidadosa de toda a medicação realizada permitiu estabelecer a relação entre este achado e a administração subcutânea de nadroparina cálcica nessa localização, umas semanas antes. A dermatose regrediu espontaneamente em 2 meses após a suspensão das injeções subcutâneas de nadroparina cálcica. A calcinose cutis devida à administração de heparinas de baixo peso molecular contendo cálcio é rara, admitindo-se que elevação do produto fósforo-cálcio possa ser determinante na sua fisiopatologia. É geralmente autolimitada, resolvendo espontaneamente.

Idiopathic Hypocomplementaemic Tubulointerstitial Nephritis

Background: Tubulointerstitial nephritis (TIN) is a common cause of kidney injury typically seen in association with drug exposure, infection or autoimmune diseases. However, TIN with interstitial immune complex deposition, without glomerular injury, is rarely observed. Case: We report a case of a 64-yearold Indian woman admitted for dialysis-requiring renal failure, without involvement of other organs. Urinalysis showed blood 3+ and 24h proteinuria of 1.5 g. Renal ultrasound revealed normal sized kidneys with loss of parenchymal-sinus differentiation. Laboratory tests disclosed low C3, positive ANA but negative anti-dsDNA, SSA and SSB. Serum protein electrophoresis was normal. The renal biopsy showed tubulointerstitial nephritis with positive immunoglobulin staining involving the interstitium and tubular basement membrane with glomerular sparing. The patient started prednisolone (1mg/kg/day) without recovery of the renal function. Conclusion: Idiopathic hypocomplementaemic tubulointerstitial nephritis is a rare disease with few cases described in the literature. To our knowledge this is the first case reported in Portugal.

Atheroembolic Renal Disease As a Cause of Allograft Primary Non-Function

Atheroembolic renal disease, also referred to as cholesterol crystal embolization, is a rare cause of renal failure, secondary to occlusion of renal arteries, renal arterioles and glomerular capillaries with cholesterol crystals, originating from atheromatous plaques of the aorta and other major arteries. This disease can occur very rarely in kidney allografts in an early or a late clinical form. Renal biopsy seems to be a reliable diagnostic test and cholesterol clefts are the pathognomonic finding. However, the renal biopsy has some limitations as the typical lesion is focal and can be easily missed in a biopsy fragment. The clinical course of these patients varies from complete recovery of the renal function to permanent graft loss. Statins, acetylsalicyclic acid, and corticosteroids have been used to improve the prognosis. We report a case of primary allograft dysfunction caused by an early and massive atheroembolic renal disease. Distinctive histology is presented in several consecutive biopsies. We evaluated all the cases of our Unit and briefly reviewed the literature. Atheroembolic renal disease is a rare cause of allograft primary non -function but may become more prevalent as acceptance of aged donors and recipients for transplantation has become more frequent.

Angioplastia da Artéria Renal

Efectuámos angioplastia transiuminal percutânea (ATP) da artéria renal em 59 doentes hipertensos e houve benefício inicial na tensão arterial em 91,5% e tardio em 79,6%. Obtivemos melhores resultados nas lesões unilaterais (81,4%) do que nas bilaterais (72,7%); nas lesões fora do ostium (82,5%) do que nas do ostium (7 1,4%); nas lesões de origem fibromuscular (88,9%) do que nas de origem aterosclerótica(75%); e nos doentes com idade igual ou inferior a 55 anos (84,8%) do que em doentes com idade superior (71,4%). Estas diferenças não foram contudo significativas. Os bons resultados da ATP da artéria renal na hipertensão renovascular levam-nos a considerar esta forma de intervenção como uma alternativa do seu tratamento.

Disruption of Urate Transport in Familial Renal Glucosuria and Report on SGLT2 Expression in Normal and Pathological Kidney

Familial renal glucosuria (FRG) is a rare co -dominantly inherited benign phenotype characterized by the presence of glucose in the urine. It is caused by mutations in the SLC5A2 gene that encodes SGLT2, a Na+ -glucose co -transporter. The purpose of our current work was twofold: to characterize the molecular and phenotype findings of an FRG cohort and, in addition, to detail the SGLT2 expression in the adult human kidney. The phenotype of FRG pedigrees was evaluated using direct sequencing for the identification of sequence variations in the SLC5A2 gene. The expression of SGLT2 in the adult human kidney was studied by immunofluorescence on kidney biopsy specimens. In the absence of renal biopsies from FRG individuals, and in order to evaluate the potential disruption of SGLT2 expression in a glucosuric nephropathy, we have selected cases of nucleoside analogues induced proximal tubular toxicity. We identified six novel SLC5A2 mutations in six FRG pedigrees and described the occurrence of hyperuricosuria associated with hypouricaemia in the two probands with the most severe phenotypes. Histopathological studies proved that SGLT2 is localized to the brush -border of the proximal tubular epithelia cell and that this normal pattern was found to be disrupted in cases of nucleoside analogues induced tubulopathy. We present six novel SLC5A2 mutations, further contributing to the allelic heterogeneity in FRG, and identified hyperuricosuria and hypouricaemia as part of the FRG phenotype. SGLT2 is localized to the brush -border of the proximal tubule in the adult human normal kidney, and aberrant expression of the co -transporter may underlie the glucosuria seen with the use of nucleoside analogues.

Aortic and Tricuspid Endocarditis in Hemodialysis Patient with Systemic and Pulmonary Embolism

This is a case report of a 43-year-old Caucasian male with end-stage renal disease being treated with hemodialysis and infective endocarditis in the aortic and tricuspid valves. The clinical presentation was dominated by neurologic impairment with cerebral embolism and hemorrhagic components. A thoracoabdominal computerized tomography scan revealed septic pulmonary embolus. The patient underwent empirical antibiotherapy with ceftriaxone, gentamicin and vancomycin, and the therapy was changed to flucloxacilin and gentamicin after the isolation of S. aureus in blood cultures. The multidisciplinary team determined that the patient should undergo valve replacement after the stabilization of the intracranial hemorrhage; however, on the 8th day of hospitalization, the patient entered cardiac arrest due to a massive septic pulmonary embolism and died. Despite the risk of aggravation of the hemorrhagic cerebral lesion, early surgical intervention should be considered in high-risk patients.

Renal Transplantation in HIV-Infected Patients: The First Portuguese Review

INTRODUCTION: With the introduction of combination antiretroviral therapy (cART), prognosis of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection has been improved and kidney transplantation (KT) in HIV-positive patients became possible. METHODS: We reviewed the demographic, clinical, laboratory, and therapeutic data of all the HIV-infected patients who underwent KT between 2009 (first KT in Portugal in a HIV-infected patient) and May 2014. Case accrual was through all Portuguese KT centers where a KT in an HIV-infected patient was performed. Patients were transplanted following the American and Spanish guideline recommendations that included maintenance on cART, undetectable plasma HIV RNA copies, and absolute CD4 counts of ≥ 200 cells/μL in the last 6 months. RESULTS: Fourteen KT were performed on men and 3 on women. The mean age of patients at the time of transplantation was 49.9 ± 11.7 years. HIV status was known for 12 ± 5 years. Eight patients had AIDS in the past and all patients received grafts from deceased donors. Twelve patients (64.7%) underwent induction therapy with basiliximab and 2 patients experienced early graft loss. In 2 patients, humoral rejection was diagnosed and in 3 patients, cellular rejection. Two patients died and an additional patient had early graft loss. CONCLUSION: KT is a possible, but challenging, renal replacement therapy in selected HIV-positive patients. Even in those with AIDS criteria in the past, when the disease is controlled, and after the reconstitution of the immune system with cART, KT can be performed. Nevertheless, the risk-benefit ratio for each patient needs to be taken in consideration.

Distribution and Etiology of Chronic Respiratory Diseases in Primary Healthcare Departments in Cape Verde

Data on chronic respiratory diseases (CRD) are scarce or unavailable in most African countries. We aimed to determine the prevalence of CRD and associated risk factors in Cape Verde, at the primary healthcare level.

Hemangioma Cavernoso da Supra-Renal

INTRODUÇÃO: O hemangioma cavernoso da glândula supra-renal é um tumor benigno, raro, com menos de uma centena de casos reportados na literatura. É caracterizado na sua constituição por formações vasculares dilatadas e delimitadas por células endoteliais. Apresenta-se caracteristicamente como um incidentaloma e o seu diagnóstico é habitualmente estabelecido apenas no pós-operatório. CASO CLÍNICO: Doente de 73 anos referenciada por nódulo de 45mm da glândula supra-renal esquerda diagnosticado incidentalmente no seguimento de lesão quística renal. A avaliação imagiológica por TC revelou nódulo sólido de 45x28mm na glândula supra-renal esquerda. Realizou estudo para avaliar a autonomia do nódulo, e que revelou uma hipersecreção adrenérgica. Colocada a hipótese diagnóstica de feocromocitoma e proposta para cirurgia ablativa. Foi submetida a suprarrenalectomia esquerda laparoscópica, que decorreu sem intercorrências. O resultado histológico da peça operatória revelou um hemangioma cavernoso da supra-renal. DISCUSSÃO / CONCLUSÃO: A forma de apresentação mais comum do hemangioma cavernoso da supra-renal é a de um incidentaloma, implicando o diagnóstico diferencial com os vários tipos de lesões ocupando espaço deste órgão. Este facto associado à falta de especificidade dos exames pré-operatórios e à raridade da patologia compromete a acuidade diagnóstica. No presente caso, assim como na maioria dos reportados na literatura, esta patologia foi somente estabelecida no pós-operatório através do resultado anátomo-patológico.