Gravidez na Transplantação Renal

Com a Transplantação Renal regista-se recuperação da fertilidade. A exposição a fármacos imunossupressores, como a prednisona, a ciclosporina, a azatioprina e o tacrolimus não está associada com um aumento da incidência de malformações congénitas. A Imunossupressão, particularmente com a ciclosporina, está relacionada com recém-nascidos com baixo peso ao nascer. Doentes transplantados têm um risco aumentado de complicações infecciosas, algumas com implicações importantes para o feto, como as infecções por citomegalovírus, herpes simples e toxoplasmose. Esta população tem uma maior frequência de prematuridade, variando a percentagem de nados vivos entre 70 e 100%. Impõe-se a manutenção de esforços continuados para identificar os factores de risco pré-gestacionais, optimizando as estratégias de abordagem neonatal para uma gravidez bem-sucedida.

Oncocitoma Renal na Gravidez. Uma Forma Invulgar de Hipertensão Secundária

Introdução: O oncocitoma renal representa 5-7% das neoplasias primárias do rim, é diagnosticado em doentes assintomáticos e caracteriza-se por um comportamento benigno, sem invasão dos tecidos adjacentes ou metastização. O seu diagnóstico no decurso da gravidez é raro, havendo poucos casos descritos na literatura. Caso clínico: Os autores apresentam o caso de uma nulípara de 32 anos com hipertensão arterial de difícil controlo diagnosticada às sete semanas gestacionais com internamento às 24 semanas por quadro de hipertensão crónica agravada com pré-eclâmpsia sobreposta, edema agudo do pulmão e instabilidade hemodinâmica com necessidade de suporte ventilatório mecânico, restrição do crescimento fetal e morte fetal. O estudo etiológico do quadro hipertensivo efectuado no período pós-parto permitiu demonstrar a existência de um tumor renal-oncocitoma. Conclusão: O comportamento clínico do oncocitoma renal permanece mal caracterizado durante a gravidez, podendo associar-se, apesar do seu comportamento teoricamente benigno, a um desfecho materno e fetal adverso. É fundamental excluir uma possível causa secundária nos quadros hipertensivos de difícil controlo.

Zero-Time Kidney Histology Predicts Early Graft Function

Our purposes are to determine the impact of histological factors observed in zero-time biopsies on early post transplant kidney allograft function. We specifically want to compare the semi-quantitative Banff Classification of zero time biopsies with quantification of % cortical area fibrosis. Sixty three zero-time deceased donor allograft biopsies were retrospectively semiquantitatively scored using Banff classification. By adding the individual chronic parameters a Banff Chronic Sum (BCS) Score was generated. Percentage of cortical area Picro Sirius Red (%PSR) staining was assessed and calculated with a computer program. A negative linear regression between %PSR/ GFR at 3 year post-transplantation was established (Y=62.08 +-4.6412X; p=0.022). A significant negative correlation between arteriolar hyalinosis (rho=-0.375; p=0.005), chronic interstitial (rho=0.296; p=0.02) , chronic tubular ( rho=0.276; p=0.04) , chronic vascular (rho= -0.360;P=0.007), BCS (rho=-0.413; p=0.002) and GFR at 3 years were found. However, no correlation was found between % PSR, Ci, Ct or BCS. In multivariate linear regression the negative predictive factors of 3 years GFR were: BCS in histological model; donor kidney age, recipient age and black race in clinical model. The BCS seems a good and easy to perform tool, available to every pathologist, with significant predictive short-term value. The %PSR predicts short term kidney function in univariate study and involves extra-routine and expensive-time work. We think that %PSR must be regarded as a research instrument.

Terapêutica Endovascular de Pseudoaneurisma e Fístula Arteriovenosa em Enxerto Renal

A 31 year old male Caucasian received a renal cadaveric allograft. Reconstruction of an inferior polar artery was corrected pre-implantation. Delayed graft function occurred leading to dialysis support for one month. Graft biopsies(days 7, 15) showed acute tubular necrosis(ATN) and no rejection. Serial ultrasound (US), performed on average weekly, were compatible with ATN. On day 31, Doppler US and a CAT scan suggested for the first time a pseudoaneurysm adjacent to the implantation of the graft artery on the external iliac artery. For clinical and technical reasons, arteriography was only performed on day 67, when serum creatinine was 3.3 mg/dl. It showed a large pseudoaneurysm with an arteriovenous fistula to the right common iliac vein. Compression of the right external iliac artery was clear. In an attempt to close the arteriovenous fistula, the communication with the pseudoaneurysm was embolised with gelfoam and metallic coils with partial success. One week later, by right femoral approach a covered wallstent was placed immediately below the origin of the graft artery.Subsequent Doppler US and arteriography con-firmed closure of the communication with thepseudoaneurysm and of the arteriovenous fistula. The calibre of the right external iliac artery was then normal. By month 18, serum creatinine is stable at 2.1 mg/dl. We can only speculate on the origin of thepseudoaneurysm and of the AV fistula, whichwere not evident until one month post-transplantation. Backtable surgery was performed on thepolar not the main graft artery. Invasive angiography was irreplaceable in this unusual clinical situation.

Pilosidade Púbica na Criança e Hiperplasia Congénita Supra-Renal Não Clássica

Antes dos 8 anos de idade no sexo feminino e dos 9 no masculino, o aparecimento de pelos púbicos, pode ser a primeira manifestação de doença das gónadas ou das supra-renais. Para reconhecimento da Hiperplasia congénita supra-renal de início tardio, em situações de Pubarca prematura, realizámos a Prova curta de estimulação da supra-renal com Synacthen, em trinta crianças. Cinco meninas e um rapaz revelaram um défice de 21-hidroxilase, demonstrado pelo valores da 17-OH Progesterona sérica aos 60 minutos;28,8 +_ 15,2ng/ml, sendo num grupo de controle 2,30 ng/ml (p<0,01). A incidência de 20% encontrada, justifica a realização desta prova em todas as Pubarcas prematuras.

Diagnóstico Pré-Natal de Uropatia: Importância do Desenvolvimento Embriológico Renal

As uropatias malformativas constituem a principalcausa de anomalia neonatal nao letal. Estas anomalias do desenvolvimento devem ser interpretadas com base no conhecimento da morbilidade e, em alguns casos, a mortalidade associada a este tipo de patologia 1,2. As malformações congénitas devem ser pensadas com base no conhecimento da dinâmica do normal desenvolvimento embrionário e dos múltiplos factores reguladores intervenientes, so assim será possivel estabelecer estratégias eficazes de investigação e terapêutica.

The 2009 Pandemic Influenza A (H1N1) Infection: Renal Histopathology Findings in Two Infected Patients

Background: Acute kidney injury in the pandemic swine origin influenza A virus (H1N1) infection has been reported as coursing with severe illness, although renal pathogenic mechanisms and histologic features are still being characterised. Case Report: We present two patients admitted with H1N1 pneumonia, sepsis, acute respiratory distress syndrome and need for invasive mechanical ventilation who developed acute kidney injury and became dialysis-dependent. In both cases a kidney biopsy was performed to establish a definitive diagnosis. Severe acute tubular necrosis was identified, with no further abnormalities. Conclusion: This report seems to confirm that the acute kidney injury in H1N1 infection is focused on the tubular cells. Our cases corroborate the renal histopathologic findings of other studies, highlighting the central role of the tubular cell. We bring new evidence of the histopathology of AKI in H1N1 infection since our data were collected in living patients and not via post-mortem studies.

Renal Pathology in Portuguese HIV-Infected Patients

HIV-infected patients may be affected by a variety of renal disorders. Portugal has a high incidence of HIV2 infection and a low prevalence of HIV-infected patients under dialysis treatment. The aim of this study was to characterise the type of renal disease in Portuguese HIV-infected patients and to determine if HIV2 infection is associated to renal pathology. Only 60 of the 5158 HIV-infected patients followed in our hospital underwent renal biopsy. Clinical and laboratory data and the type of renal disease were reviewed. Male gender was predominant (76.7%), as was Caucasian race (78.3%). Mean age was 37.9±10.6 years. The majority had criteria for AIDS, 66% were on combined antiretroviral therapy and 18.3% were on dialysis. The predominant lesions were immunecomplex glomerulonephritis (n=19), tubulointerstitial nephropathy (n=12), focal segmental glomerulosclerosis(n=11), followed by HIVAN (n=8). Other patterns(amyloidosis, vasculitis, minimal change lesion) were observed. Only three patients were HIV2 infected, and presented diabetic nephropathy, acute tubular necrosis and tubulointerstitial nephritis. No correlations between clinical findings and renal pathology were found. In conclusion, renal disease in HIV patients has a broad spectrum, and renal biopsy remains the gold standard for establishing the diagnosis and guide treatment. Renal disease is not frequent in HIV2-infected patients, and, when present, is probably not directly associated with HIV infection.

De Novo Hypertension and Decline of Renal Function in a Young Woman with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus and Antiphospholipid Syndrome

Antiphospholipid syndrome nephropathy and lupus nephritis have similar clinical and laboratory manifestations and achieving the accuracy of diagnosis required for correct treatment frequently necessitates a kidney biopsy. We report the case of a 29-year-old woman referred to the nephrology service for de novo hypertension, decline of renal function and proteinuria. She had had systemic lupus erythematosus and antiphospholipid syndrome since the age of 21 and was taking oral anticoagulation. Two weeks later, after treatment of hypertension and achievement of adequate coagulation parameters, a percutaneous renal biopsy was performed. The biopsy revealed chronic lesions of focal cortical atrophy, arterial fibrous intimal hyperplasia and arterial thromboses, which are typical features of antiphospholipid syndrome nephropathy. We describe the clinical manifestations and histopathology of antiphospholipid syndrome nephropathy and review the literature on renal biopsy in patients receiving anticoagulation.