Quilotórax no Feto e no Recém-Nascido. Estado da Arte

O quilotórax é uma patologia rara no feto e no recém-nascido que resulta de uma anomalia do desenvolvimento (quilotórax congénito) ou traumatismo (quilotórax traumático) do canal torácico e consequente acumulação de linfa no espaço pleural. A clínica depende do volume e rapidez de formação do derrame e baseia-se em sinais de dificuldade respiratória, diminuição da amplitude da expansão torácica, diminuição dos sons respiratórios na auscultação pulmonar e macicez à percussão. O diagnóstico é confirmado por um doseamento, no líquido pleural, de triglicerídeos superior a 110 mg/ dl (com alimentação entérica) e uma contagem de células superior a 1000/ mm3 com predomínio de linfócitos (70% a 100%). O tratamento, independente da causa, é inicialmente conservador e consiste na drenagem do derrame quiloso e reposição das perdas nutricionais. O tratamento cirúrgico é reservado para os casos que não respondem a medidas conservadoras ou que apresentam complicações durante a sua aplicação. A mortalidade neonatal associada ao quilotórax apresentou uma diminuição acentuada nos últimos anos. Trabalhos recentes referem 100% de bons resultados empregando tratamento conservador ou conservador e cirúrgico. Amortalidade perinatal do quilotórax fetal excede os 50% sendo o prognóstico pior nos casos associados a hipoplasia pulmonar e hidrópsia fetal. Neste artigo, os autores apresentam uma revisão teórica, focando os principais aspectos relacionados com o quilotórax no feto e no recém-nascido.

Perinatal Ischemic Stroke: a Five-Year Retrospective Study in a Level-III Maternity

Objective To study the incidence, clinical presentation, risk factors, imaging diagnosis, and clinical outcome of perinatal stroke. Methods Data was retrospectively collected from full-term newborns admitted to the neonatal unit of a level III maternity in Lisbon with cerebral stroke, from January 2007 to December 2011. Results There were 11 cases of stroke: nine were arterial ischemic stroke and two were cerebral venous sinus thrombosis. We estimated an incidence of arterial ischemic stroke of 1.6/5,000 births and of cerebral venous sinus thrombosis of 7.2/100,000 births. There were two cases of recurrent stroke. Eight patients presented with symptoms while the remaining three were asymptomatic and incidentally diagnosed. The most frequently registered symptoms (8/11) were seizures; in that, generalized clonic (3/8) and focal clonic (5/8). Strokes were more commonly left-sided (9/11), and the most affected artery was the left middle cerebral artery (8/11). Transfontanelle ultrasound was positive in most of the patients (10/11), and stroke was confirmed by cerebral magnetic resonance in all patients. Electroencephalographic recordings were carried out in five patients and were abnormal in three (focal abnormalities n=2, burst-suppression pattern n=1). Eight patients had previously identified risk factors for neonatal stroke which included obstetric and neonatal causes. Ten patients were followed up at outpatients setting; four patients developed motor deficits and one presented with epilepsy. Conclusions Although a modest and heterogeneous sample, this study emphasizes the need for a high level of suspicion when it comes to neonatal stroke, primarily in the presence of risk factors. The prevalence of neurological sequelae in our series supports the need of long-term follow-up and early intervention strategies.

Perinatal Care in Portugal: Effects of 15 Years of a Regionalized System

AIM: To share information on the organization of perinatal care in Portugal. METHODS: Data were derived from the Programme of the National Committee for Mother and Child Health 1989, National Institute for Statistics, and Eurostat. RESULTS: In 1989, perinatal care in Portugal was reformed: the closure was proposed of maternity units with less than 1500 deliveries per year; hospitals were classified as level I (no deliveries), II (low-risk deliveries, intermediate care units) or III (high-risk deliveries, intensive care units), and functional coordinating units responsible for liaison between local health centres and hospitals were established. A nationwide system of neonatal transport began in 1987, and in 1990 postgraduate courses on neonatology were initiated. With this reform, in-hospital deliveries increased from 74% before the reform to 99% after. Maternal death rate decreased from 9.2/100,000 deliveries in 1989 to 5.3 in 2003 and, in the same period, the perinatal mortality rate decreased from 16.4 to 6.6/1000 (live births + stillborn with > or = 22 wk gestational age), the neonatal mortality rate decreased from 8.1 to 2.7/1000 live births, and the infant mortality rate from 12.2/1000 live births to 4/1000. CONCLUSION: Regionalization of perinatal care and neonatal transport are key factors for a successful perinatal health system.