Results of Surgery for Ebstein Anomaly: a Multicenter Study from the European Congenital Heart Surgeons Association

OBJECTIVE: Since most centers' experience with Ebstein anomaly is limited, we sought to analyze the collective experience of participating institutions of the European Congenital Heart Surgeons Association with surgery for this rare malformation. METHODS: The records of all 150 patients (median age 6.4 years) who underwent surgery for Ebstein anomaly in the 13 participating Association centers between January 1992 and January 2005 were reviewed retrospectively. Patients with congenitally corrected transposition were excluded. RESULTS: Most patients (81%) had Ebstein disease type B or C and significant functional impairment (61% in New York Heart Association class III or IV) and 16% had prior operations. Surgical procedures (n = 179) included valve replacement (n = 60, 33.5%), valve repair (n = 49, 27.3%), 1(1/2) ventricle repair (n = 46, 25.6%), palliative shunt (n = 13, 7.26%), and other complex procedures (n = 11, 6.14%). There were 20 hospital deaths (operative mortality 13.3%) after valve replacement in 5 patients, valve repair in 3, 1(1/2) ventricle repair in 7, palliative procedures in 3, and miscellaneous procedures in 2. Younger age and palliative procedures were univariate risk factors for operative death, but only age was an independent predictor on multivariable analysis. CONCLUSIONS: Most patients coming to surgery presented in childhood and were significantly symptomatic. More than half underwent valve replacement or repair, but a considerable proportion had severe disease necessitating 1(1/2) ventricle repair or palliative procedures. Operative mortality did not differ significantly among repair, replacement, and 1(1/2) ventricle repair but was associated with palliative procedures for severe disease early in life, young age being the only independent predictor of operative death.

Ecocardiografia em «Cor Triatriatum Dexter»

"Cor triatriatum dexter" (CTD) is an unusual cyanotic cardiac defect in which the right atrium is subdivided into two distinct chambers due to the persistence of the "sinus venosus" valve. Two patients with CTD ho were evaluated and treatment in 1979 and 1992 are described: the first one, had total anomalous pulmonary venous return to the coronary sinus or "cor triatriatum sinister" as preoperative diagnosis based on M-mode echocardiographic findings. The presence of a membrane inside the right atrium was suspected on cineangiogram. The other one had a preoperative diagnosis of CTD. Anatomic relationships and physiological effects were established by two dimensional and Doppler ultrasonography and confirmed at cardiac catheterization and surgery. High resolution two dimensional echocardiography coupled with Doppler ultrasonography has a definite role in the study of this heart defect.

Abordagem Percutânea de Atresia Pulmonar com Septo Interventricular Intacto. Perfuração da Válvula Pulmonar com Catéter de Radiofrequência e Implantação de Stent no Canal Arterial

A atrésia pulmonar com septo interventricular intacto (AtrP-SI) é uma cardiopatia congénita rara e de prognóstico reservado. Apresenta grande variabilidade anatómica, com diversos graus de hipoplasia do ventrículo direito (VD) o que condiciona a abordagem terapêutica. Idealmente, o objectivo é a reconstituição de uma circulação de tipo biventricular. Para o efeito, dispomos de técnicas cirúrgicas e percutâneas. A perfuração da válvula pulmonar com energia de radiofrequência (RF) é um método válido para doentes com atresia de tipo membranoso, VD sem hipoplasia marcada (bipartido ou tripartido) e circulação coronária não dependente do VD. Por vezes, há necessidade de suplementar a circulação pulmonar implantando um stent no canal arterial. Desta forma é possível tratar alguns doentes com técnicas exclusivamente percutâneas. Relatamos o primeiro caso conhecido em Portugal de um recém-nascido com AtrP-SI submetido a perfuração com radiofrequência e, num segundo tempo, implantação de stent no canal arterial.

Acute Bivalvular Left-Sided Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus Endocarditis with Cardiac, Cerebral, Renal and Septic Complications

Infective endocarditis (IE) is now rare in developed countries, but its prevalence is higher in elderly patients with prosthetic valves, diabetes, renal impairment, or heart failure. An increase in health-care associated IE (HCAIE) has been observed due to invasive maneuvers (30% of cases). Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and Enterococcus are the most common agents in HCAIE, causing high mortality and morbidity. We review complications of IE and its therapy, based on a patient with acute bivalvular left-sided MRSA IE and a prosthetic aortic valve, aggravated by congestive heart failure, stroke, acute immune complex glomerulonephritis, Candida parapsilosis fungémia and death probably due to Serratia marcescens sepsis. The HCAIE was assumed to be related to three temporally associated in-hospital interventions considered as possible initial etiological mechanisms: overcrowding in the hospital environment,iv quinolone therapy and red blood cell transfusion. Later in the clinical course,C. parapsilosis and S. marcescens septicemia were considered to be possible secondary etiological mechanisms of HCAIE.

Cardiac Angiosarcoma. A Review

Based on a case of a patient with angiosarcoma (AS) of the right atrium with superior vena cava syndrome associated with urticaria and polyarthralgias, who died soon after surgery, the authors present a brief review of the subject of cardiac AS, an extremely rare pathology, usually diagnosed late due to its non-specific symptomatology. Several topics are discussed, including mechanisms of clinical manifestations caused by blood flow obstruction and valve dysfunction, local invasion with arrhythmias and pericardial effusion, embolic phenomena and constitutional symptoms. Imaging and histopathologic methods of diagnosis are considered, as well as references to cytogenetic analysis. Surgery is the first treatment choice, but heart AS are frequently not completely resectable and concomitant metastases at the time of surgery are common, both usually leading to a dismal prognosis. Chemotherapy, radiotherapy and even heart transplantation do not substantially improve the survival of these patients. Urticaria is not generally assumed by most authors to be associated with malignancy, but there are rare reports of its association with some malignant tumors.

Válvula Aórtica Quadricúspide. Casuística de 10 Anos e Revisão da Literatura

Introdução: A válvula aórtica quadricúspide é uma malformação rara, com uma incidência estimada de 0,003 a 0,043% de todas as cardiopatias congénitas. Surge habitualmente como uma anomalia congénita isolada, podendo igualmente estar associada a outras malformações, sendo as mais frequentes as anomalias das artérias coronárias. A tecnologia actual permite o diagnóstico não invasivo na grande maioria das situações. A sua história natural é a evolução para a insuficiência, rara antes da idade adulta. Objectivos: Revisão dos casos de válvula aórtica quadricúspide diagnosticados nos últimos 10 anos num centro terciário de Cardiologia Pediátrica. Material e Métodos: Revisão retrospectiva do processo clínico dos doentes aos quais foi detectada uma válvula aórtica quadricúspide, entre Janeiro de 2000 e Dezembro de 2009. Resultados: Nos últimos 10 anos, foram diagnosticados quatro casos de válvula aórtica quadricúspide, em crianças com idades compreendidas entre os 6 meses e os 8 anos, duas do sexo masculino. Em três casos, os quatro folhetos eram de dimensões semelhantes, que é o achado mais frequente. Duas das válvulas eram normofuncionantes e duas apresentavam insuficiência mínima. Todos os doentes apresentavam outras malformações cardíacas associadas (uma comunicação interauricular, duas comunicações interventriculares, uma estenoseçupravalvular aórtica e uma válvula pulmonar quadricúspide). Um doente tinha também o diagnóstico de Síndrome de Williams. Com um tempo de seguimento mediano de 2 anos [0 --- 9], todos os doentes se mantiveram assintomáticos e não requereram tratamento médico ou cirúrgico para a válvula aórtica. Conclusão: O diagnóstico de válvula aórtica quadricúspide é raro, sobretudo em idade pediátrica, quando a maioria dos doentes são assintomáticos e apresentam válvulas normofuncionantes. Nesta casuística, metade apresentava insuficiência aórtica mínima. Ao contrário do que está descrito na literatura, todos os doentes apresentavam malformações cardíacas concomitantes. Descrevemos pela primeira vez a associação com a Síndrome de Williams. Estes doentes deverão manter seguimento em ambulatório, de forma a detectar atempadamente o aparecimento ou agravamento de alterações funcionais e permitir uma intervenção terapêutica oportuna.

Transoesophageal Echocardiography for Monitoring Liver Surgery: Data from a Pilot Study

A pilot study aimed to introduce intraoperative monitoring of liver surgery using transoesophageal echocardiography (TEE) is described. A set of TEE measurements was established as a protocol, consisting of left atrial (LA) dimension at the aortic valve plane; mitral velocity flow integral, calculation of stroke volume and cardiac output (CO); mitral annular plane systolic excursion; finally, right atrial area. A total of 165 measurements (on 21 patients) were performed, 31 occurring during hypotension. The conclusions reached were during acute blood loss LA dimension changed earlier than CVP, and, in one patient, a dynamic left ventricular (LV) obstruction was observed; in 3 patients a transient LV systolic dysfunction was documented. The comparison between 39 CO paired measurements obtained by TEE and PiCCO2 revealed a statistically significant correlation (P < 0.001, r = 0.83). In this pilot study TEE successfully answered the questions raised by the anesthesiologists. Larger cohort studies are needed to address this issue.

Implantação Percutânea de Válvulas Pulmonares: Experiência Inicial

Os doentes com cardiopatias submetidos a intervenção cirúrgica com implantação de condutos entre o ventrículo direito e a artéria pulmonar (VD-AP) podem desenvolver estenose e/ou insuficiência pulmonares ao longo do tempo. Nestas situações, associadas a arritmias cardíacas, disfunção ventricular direita e morte súbita, a re-intervenção cirúrgica permanece um desafio pela complexidade, mortalidade e morbilidade significativas. A implantação percutânea de válvulas pulmonares (IPVP), recentemente desenvolvida, representa uma abordagem alternativa para estes doentes. Objectivo: Reportar a experiência inicial com a IPVP, analisando o seu impacto no manejo destes doentes. Material e Métodos: Avaliação prospectiva dos dados clínicos, ecocardiográficos, da ressonância magnética, hemodinâmicos e angiográficos dos doentes submetidos a IPVP. Resultados: Seis doentes em classe funcional igual ou superior a II com disfunção do conduto VD-AP foram submetidos a IPVP. Tinham todos evidência de insuficiência e 5/6 de estenose. O procedimento consistiu na implantação de stents não cobertos no conduto para reforçar a sua rigidez e prevenir fracturas dos stents valvulados pulmonares Melody ® (Medtronic), que foram em seguida implantados com sucesso em todos. Obteve-se uma redução da pressão ventricular direita (94±27 para 44±7mmHg), da relação entre a pressão ventricular direita e esquerda (94±27 para 44±7%), do gradiente do conduto (65±28 para 11±4mmHg) e ausência de regurgitação pulmonar. O procedimento teve uma duração mediana de 180 minutos e decorreu sem complicações major. Os doentes tiveram alta em mediana dois dias após o procedimento. Na última avaliação, em mediana 7,8 meses após o procedimento, os doentes encontramse em classe funcional I (5) ou II (1), sem evidência não invasiva de disfunção do conduto. Conclusões: Os nossos resultados acompanham a experiência actual com esta modalidade terapêutica, com excelentes resultados nestes grupo de doentes complexos. A implementação da IPVP em doentes com cardiopatia congénita que requerem re-intervenção no tracto de saída do ventrículo direito tem-se revelado uma técnica promissora, embora complexa, alternativa a mais uma intervenção cirúrgica.

Mosaic Trisomy 18 in a Five-Month-Old Infant - Case Report

Individuals with mosaic trisomy 18, only approximately 5% of all trisomy 18 cases, carry both a trisomy 18 and an euploid cell line. Their clinical findings are highly variable, from the absence of dysmorphic features to the complete trisomy 18 syndrome. A five month old daughter of a 38-year-old mother, with vomiting and feeding problems, was referred to our department. She was undernourished and had axial hypotony and developmental delay, an irregular pattern of hypopigmentation on the right side of the abdomen, and moderate sagittal body asymmetry with left-side muscular hemihypotrophy.Mild craniofacial dysmorphy included dolichocephaly, frontal bossing, prominent occiput, long downslanting palpebral fissures, hypertelorism, and retrognathia. A complex heart defect with atrial and ventricular septal defects, pulmonary artery stenosis, and bicuspid aortic valve was identified. Cytogenetic analysis revealedmosaic trisomy 18with trisomy in 90%of peripheral lymphocytes and 17%of skin fibroblasts.This case adds to our knowledge of the phenotypic spectrum and the natural history of mosaic trisomy 18 by adding a dysmorphic feature and a cardiac abnormality that, to the best of our knowledge, had not been previously described.

Iatrogenic Aortic Pseudoaneurysm: a Forgotten Complication

Pseudoaneurysms of the ascending aorta are a rare complication of cardiac surgery. However, the poor prognosis associated with this condition if untreated makes early diagnosis and treatment important. We present the case of a 66-year-old woman who had undergone mitral valvuloplasty 12 days previously, who was admitted with a diagnosis of new-onset atrial fibrillation. The transthoracic echocardiogram showed a clot in the right atrium and anticoagulation was initiated, followed by antibiotic therapy. After further investigation, the patient was diagnosed with a pseudoaneurysm of the ascending aorta and underwent surgical repair, followed by six weeks of antibiotic therapy. She was readmitted six months later for an abscess of the lower sternum and mediastinum. After a conservative approach with antibiotics and local drainage failed, recurrence of a large pseudoaneurysm compressing the superior vena cava was documented. A third operation was performed to debride the infected tissue and to place an aortic allograft. There were no postoperative complications.

Insuficiência Pulmonar Valvular Congénita

Descrevem-se 4 casos de Insuficiência Pulmonar Valvular Congénita com septo interventricular intacto em crianças de sexo masculino com idades compreendidas entre os 20 meses e os 10 anos, na 1a observação na Consulta de Cardiologia Pediátrica. 0 diagnóstico clínico de regurgitação pulmonar foi confirmado por electrocardiograma, fonocardiograma e radiografia de tórax em todos os doentes e também por ecocardiograma, exame hemodinâmico e angiocardiográfico em 3 deles. Após um follow-up que variou entre 1 e 9 anos, média 5 anos e 2 meses, concluiu-se que a Insuficiência Pulmonar Valvular Congénita, como cardiopatia isolada, é bem tolerada em idades pediátricas e compatível com desenvolvimento físico e actividade normais.

Hepatic Actinomycosis

Actinomycosis is a rare disorder caused by an anaerobic gram-positive bacillus (Actinomyces), predominantly by the Actinomyces israelii species. Only 20% of cases show an abdominal manifestation, the appendix and ileocecal valve being the most frequent locations. Definitive diagnosis is based on microbiological cultures, microscopy or macroscopy examination. Nevertheless, histological examination of the percutaneous biopsy and blood microbiological cultures are rarely positives. Preoperative diagnosis is hampered by the lack of specific clinical and imaging manifestations, which often mimic malignancy. The rate of preoperative diagnosis is less than 10%, however, the outcome is excellent, with a low mortality rate. The authors describe the case of a patient who was diagnosed with primary hepatic actinomycosis only by a histological examination of the surgical specimen of left hepatectomy extended to segments V and VIII, for suspected malignant lesion. This case demonstrates the difficulties in diagnosing hepatic actinomycosis.

Aortic and Tricuspid Endocarditis in Hemodialysis Patient with Systemic and Pulmonary Embolism

This is a case report of a 43-year-old Caucasian male with end-stage renal disease being treated with hemodialysis and infective endocarditis in the aortic and tricuspid valves. The clinical presentation was dominated by neurologic impairment with cerebral embolism and hemorrhagic components. A thoracoabdominal computerized tomography scan revealed septic pulmonary embolus. The patient underwent empirical antibiotherapy with ceftriaxone, gentamicin and vancomycin, and the therapy was changed to flucloxacilin and gentamicin after the isolation of S. aureus in blood cultures. The multidisciplinary team determined that the patient should undergo valve replacement after the stabilization of the intracranial hemorrhage; however, on the 8th day of hospitalization, the patient entered cardiac arrest due to a massive septic pulmonary embolism and died. Despite the risk of aggravation of the hemorrhagic cerebral lesion, early surgical intervention should be considered in high-risk patients.