Cateterismo Venoso Central em Cuidados Intensivos Pediátricos: Experiência de 5 Anos

Objectivo: Avaliar a incidência de complicações relacionadas com o cateterismo venoso central e a existência de eventuais factores de risco para a sua ocorrência. Material e métodos: Estudo retrospectivo de 305 catéteres venosos centrais colocados pelos médicos da Unidade de Cuidados Intensivos Pediátricos (UCIP) do Hospital Dona Estefânia, durante 5 anos. As variáveis estudadas foram: idade, peso, instituição de ventilação mecânica, alteração da coagulação, local de inserção, número de lúmens e tempo de utilização do catéter, número e tipo de complicações. Na análise estatística foram utilizados o teste do Quiquadrado, o teste exacto de Fisher e o t-teste de Student, considerando-se haver diferenças estatisticamente significativas para valores de p< 0,05. Resultados: Foram submetidos a cateterismo 296 crianças, com idades compreendidas entre 0.08 e 16.00 anos (média=3,6 anos) e pesos entre 2 e 85 Kg (média=16,2 Kg). Os locais de inserção foram, por ordem decrescente de utilização, a veia subclávia (63,3%), a veia femural (29,8%) e veia jugular (6,9%). Os catéteres de duplo lúmen foram os mais utilizados (61,9%), seguidos dos de mono (32,5%) e de triplo lúmen (5,6%). Ocorreram 46 (15,1%) complicações, mas não se verificaram óbitos directamente relacionados com o cateterismo. A remoção do catéter foi electiva em 98 (32,1%) casos, por óbito em 97 (31,8%), por complicações em 39 (12,8%) e por outras causas em 71 (23,2%). O tempo de utilização dos catéteres foi em média de 7,6 dias. Os catéteres com e sem sépsis tiveram uma duração média de utilização de 6,9 dias e 17,0 dias, respectivamente. Conclusões: Este estudo revelou um padrão de complicações do cateterismo venoso central semelhante ao descrito por outros autores, sendo que nenhuma das variáveis analisadas se revelou, por si só, como factor de risco de complicações, excepto o tempo de utilização do catéter na ocorrência de sépsis.

Unusual Solutions for Catheter Placement in Haemodialysis Patients

Background: Although vascular access is essential for adequate haemodialysis delivery, the systematic use of a patient's venous patrimony may eventually lead to exhaustion of suitable sites for placement of a new vascular access. Case Report: We present two cases of such patients. In the first one we inserted a 55cm catheter through the left external iliac vein, and a 40cm translumbar catheter was placed in the second one. Both interventions were performed percutaneously under radiological guidance. Both patients were anticoagulated after the procedure. Conclusion: Unusual sites for haemodialysis catheter placement may be life saving in selected situations and offer safe and viable alternatives for adequate haemodialysis delivery.

Cirurgia Reconstrutiva das Grandes Veias Intratorácicas,a Propósito de Quatro Casos Clínicos

Trabalho apresentado na XV Reunião da SPCCTV e galardoado com o Prémio Nacional Cid dos Santos, Santa Eulália, Algarve, Novembro de 2013

Lack of Spontaneous Venous Pulsation: Possible Risk Indicator in Normal Tension Glaucoma?

PURPOSE: Recently, the absence of spontaneous venous pulsation (SVP) has been suggested as a vascular risk factor for primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG). As the mechanism behind this phenomenon is still unknown, the authors have studied this vascular component using colour Doppler imaging (CDI). METHODS: A total of 236 patients were divided into three diagnostic groups: healthy controls (81), POAG (86) and normal tension glaucoma (NTG; 69). All subjects were submitted to CDI studies of the retrobulbar circulation, intraocular pressure measurements and assessment of SVP existence. Mann-Whitney, chi-square contingency tables and Spearman correlations were used to explore differences and correlations between variables in the diagnostic groups. RESULTS: Eighty-two percent of healthy controls had SVP (66/81), while a smaller numbers were registered in both glaucoma groups: POAG - 50% (43/86); NTG - 51% (35/69). In NTG patients, but not in POAG patients, the prevalence of the SVP phenomenon decreases with increased glaucoma damage (p = 0.04; p = 0.55, respectively). Overall glaucoma patients from both groups had lower central retinal vein (CRV) velocities than the healthy controls (p < 0.05). NTG patients with SVP had less severe visual field defects (mean defect -6.92 versus -11.1, p < 0.05), higher [correction added after online publication 21 September 2012; the word 'higher' has been inserted to replace the word 'lower'] peak systolic and mean flow velocities in the central retinal artery (p < 0.01; p < 0.05, respectively) as well as higher [correction added after online publication 21 September 2012; the word higher has been inserted to replace the word lower] maximal velocities and RI of the CRV (p < 0.02; p < 0.05, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Glaucoma patients have a decrease in CRV velocities. SVP is less prevalent in glaucoma patients than in healthy individuals. This phenomenon apparently reflects different hemodynamic patterns in the central retinal vessels. This variable may be of particular importance in NTG patients, where it may be associated with more advanced functional damage.

Ocular Pulse Amplitude and Doppler Waveform Analysis in Glaucoma Patients

PURPOSE: To determine the correlation between ocular blood flow velocities and ocular pulse amplitude (OPA) in glaucoma patients using colour Doppler imaging (CDI) waveform analysis. METHOD: A prospective, observer-masked, case-control study was performed. OPA and blood flow variables from central retinal artery and vein (CRA, CRV), nasal and temporal short posterior ciliary arteries (NPCA, TPCA) and ophthalmic artery (OA) were obtained through dynamic contour tonometry and CDI, respectively. Univariate and multiple regression analyses were performed to explore the correlations between OPA and retrobulbar CDI waveform and systemic cardiovascular parameters (blood pressure, blood pressure amplitude, mean ocular perfusion pressure and peripheral pulse). RESULTS: One hundred and ninety-two patients were included [healthy controls: 55; primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG): 74; normal-tension glaucoma (NTG): 63]. OPA was statistically different between groups (Healthy: 3.17 ± 1.2 mmHg; NTG: 2.58 ± 1.2 mmHg; POAG: 2.60 ± 1.1 mmHg; p < 0.01), but not between the glaucoma groups (p = 0.60). Multiple regression models to explain OPA variance were made for each cohort (healthy: p < 0.001, r = 0.605; NTG: p = 0.003, r = 0.372; POAG: p < 0.001, r = 0.412). OPA was independently associated with retrobulbar CDI parameters in the healthy subjects and POAG patients (healthy CRV resistance index: β = 3.37, CI: 0.16-6.59; healthy NPCA mean systolic/diastolic velocity ratio: β = 1.34, CI: 0.52-2.15; POAG TPCA mean systolic velocity: β = 0.14, CI 0.05-0.23). OPA in the NTG group was associated with diastolic blood pressure and pulse rate (β = -0.04, CI: -0.06 to -0.01; β = -0.04, CI: -0.06 to -0.001, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Vascular-related models provide a better explanation to OPA variance in healthy individuals than in glaucoma patients. The variables that influence OPA seem to be different in healthy, POAG and NTG patients.

Effectiveness of the Dexamethasone Intravitreal Implant for Treatment of Patients with Diabetic Macular Oedema

Diabetic macular oedema (DMO) is a leading cause of vision loss in the working-age population worldwide. Corticosteroid drugs have been demonstrated to inhibit the expression of both the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) gene and other anti-inflammatory mediators, such as prostaglandins. Triamcinolone, fluocinolone and dexamethasone are the main steroids that have been studied for the treatment of macular oedema. Over the last few years, several studies have suggested an important role for dexamethasone in the management of DMO. The dexamethasone intravitreal implant (DEX implant) (Ozurdex®; Allergan, Inc., Irvine, CA) is a novel approach approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and by the EU for the intravitreal treatment of macular oedema after branch or central retinal vein occlusion, and for the treatment of non-infectious uveitis affecting the posterior segment of the eye. We reviewed manuscripts that had investigated the pharmacokinetics, efficacy and safety of the DEX implant regarding DMO treatment.