STOP Quedas: Programa de Gestão e Controlo das Quedas de Doentes em Ambiente Hospitalar

As quedas têm um impacto na morbilidade e na qualidade de vida do doente, contribuindo para o aumento dos custos dos cuidados de saúde. Dos múltiplos fatores que podem contribuir para as quedas, destaca-se a idade (acima dos 65 anos), o estado mental, a medicação que o doente está a tomar, história de queda anterior e fatores ambientais. O Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Central no âmbito da Gestão do Risco monitoriza o indicador “Queda do Doente” desenvolvendo um projeto de gestão e controlo das quedas de doentes, com vista a aumentar a segurança do doente. A monitorização do indicador "Queda do Doente" iniciou-se em 2005 no Hospital de Santa Marta, impulsionado pelo Programa de Acreditação do CHKS e integrado no projeto IQIP. Em 2008 o projeto foi alargado aos 4 hospitais do Centro Hospitalar e o registo do incidente da queda do doente permitiu um maior conhecimento da dimensão do problema evidenciando uma incidência de 1,12% em 2012. O projeto assenta em dois pilares da gestão do risco: avaliação de risco e o relato do incidente. Utiliza-se a escala de avaliação de risco de queda de Morse e com base no nível de risco é definido um plano de prevenção. O incidente de queda é registado no sistema de relato de incidentes on-line e analisado por grupos que promovem ações de melhoria. Desenvolvem-se ainda atividades como a formação dos profissionais, ensino e envolvimento do doente e família e a promoção de um ambiente seguro. O Projeto de gestão e controlo das quedas tem como principais objetivos: - Medir a dimensão do problema associado ao incidente de queda. - Promover as boas práticas na prevenção de quedas do doente. - Identificar fatores de risco e fatores contribuintes associados aos incidentes de quedas dos doentes. - Introduzir ações de melhoria ao nível das práticas e do ambiente físico. - Alertar os doentes/família e os profissionais para as medidas de prevenção das quedas e redução das suas consequências.

Evidence for Nevirapine Bioactivation in Man: Searching for the First Step in the Mechanism of Nevirapine Toxicity

Despite its efficacy, including in the prevention of vertical transmission, the antiretroviral nevirapine is associated with severe idiosyncratic hepatotoxicity and skin rash. The mechanisms underlying nevirapine toxicity are not fully understood, but drug bioactivation to reactive metabolites capable of forming stable protein adducts is thought to be involved. This hypothesis is based on the paradigm that drug reactive metabolites have the potential to bind to self-proteins, which results in drug-modified proteins being perceived as foreign by the immune system. The aim of the present work was to identify hemoglobin adducts in HIV patients as biomarkers of nevirapine haptenation upon bioactivation. The ultimate goal is to develop diagnostic methods for predicting the onset of nevirapine-induced toxic reactions. All included subjects were adults on nevirapine-containing antiretroviral therapy for at least 1month. The protocol received prior approval from the Hospital Ethics Committees and patients gave their written informed consent. Nevirapine-derived adducts with the N-terminal valine of hemoglobin were analyzed by an established liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry method and characterized on the basis of retention time and mass spectrometric fragmentation pattern by comparison with adduct standards prepared synthetically. The nevirapine adducts were detected in 12/13 patient samples, and quantified in 11/12 samples (2.58±0.8 fmol/g of hemoglobin). This work represents the first evidence of nevirapine-protein adduct formation in man and confirms the ability of nevirapine to modify self-proteins, thus providing clues to the molecular mechanisms underlying nevirapine toxicity. Moreover, the possibility of assessing nevirapine-protein adduct levels has the potential to become useful for predicting the onset of nevirapine-induced adverse reactions.

Monitoring Abacavir Bioactivation in Humans: Screening for an Aldehyde Metabolite

The anti-HIV drug abacavir is associated with idiosyncratic hypersensitivity reactions and cardiotoxicity. Although the mechanism underlying abacavir-toxicity is not fully understood, drug bioactivation to reactive metabolites may be involved. This work was aimed at identifying abacavir-protein adducts in the hemoglobin of HIV patients as biomarkers of abacavir bioactivation and protein modification. The protocol received prior approval from the Hospital Ethics Committee, patients gave their written informed consent and adherence was controlled through a questionnaire. Abacavir-derived Edman adducts with the N-terminal valine of hemoglobin were analyzed by an established liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry method. Abacavir-valine adducts were detected in three out of ten patients. This work represents the first evidence of abacavir-protein adduct formation in humans. The data confirm the ability of abacavir to modify self-proteins and suggest that the molecular mechanism(s) of some abacavir-induced adverse reactions may require bioactivation.

Cuidados de Enfermagem à Pessoa Infectada/Afectada pelo VIH/SIDA

O aumento do número de casos da infecção pelo VIH traduz a importância de reflectir sobre a complexidade e dimensão que esta problemática ocupa no contexto social actual, na sua vertente bio-psico-social. Neste sentido, afigurou-se pertinente partilhar a experiência e reflexões de uma equipa de enfermagem de um serviço de Medicina, que diariamente cuida de pessoas infectadas/afectadas pelo VIH/SIDA. O presente artigo pretende assim traduzir a reflexão acerca de algumas das preocupações, dificuldades e expectativas desta equipa de enfermagem, relativamente à sua prática, assim como reflectir sobre a integração dos doentes infectados pelo VIH na comunidade e nos serviços de saúde em geral.

Differences in Nevirapine Biotransformation as a Factor for its Sex-Dependent Dimorphic Profile of Adverse Drug Reactions

OBJECTIVES: Nevirapine is widely used for the treatment of HIV-1 infection; however, its chronic use has been associated with severe liver and skin toxicity. Women are at increased risk for these toxic events, but the reasons for the sex-related differences are unclear. Disparities in the biotransformation of nevirapine and the generation of toxic metabolites between men and women might be the underlying cause. The present work aimed to explore sex differences in nevirapine biotransformation as a potential factor in nevirapine-induced toxicity. METHODS: All included subjects were adults who had been receiving 400 mg of nevirapine once daily for at least 1 month. Blood samples were collected and the levels of nevirapine and its phase I metabolites were quantified by HPLC. Anthropometric and clinical data, and nevirapine metabolite profiles, were assessed for sex-related differences. RESULTS: A total of 52 patients were included (63% were men). Body weight was lower in women (P = 0.028) and female sex was associated with higher alkaline phosphatase (P = 0.036) and lactate dehydrogenase (P = 0.037) levels. The plasma concentrations of nevirapine (P = 0.030) and the metabolite 3-hydroxy-nevirapine (P = 0.035), as well as the proportions of the metabolites 12-hydroxy-nevirapine (P = 0.037) and 3-hydroxy-nevirapine (P = 0.001), were higher in women, when adjusted for body weight. CONCLUSIONS: There was a sex-dependent variation in nevirapine biotransformation, particularly in the generation of the 12-hydroxy-nevirapine and 3-hydroxy-nevirapine metabolites. These data are consistent with the sex-dependent formation of toxic reactive metabolites, which may contribute to the sex-dependent dimorphic profile of nevirapine toxicity.