Involuntary Rhythmic Leg Movements Time-Locked With the Respiratory Cycle

Involuntary rhythmic leg movements in childhood is an uncommon condition, the generators of which remain unknown. We report on a male 3 years of age with distinct features providing important clues concerning the location of one of these generators. At the age of 7 months, the previously healthy young male started with low frequency, rhythmic, and continuous (both during wakefulness and sleep) flexion/extension movements of the lower limbs. Movements interfered significantly with gait acquisition, and, despite normal cognitive development, he was able to walk only at age 2 years, 4 months. The neurologic examination revealed the absence of automatic stepping in the neonatal period, but was otherwise normal. A polygraphic electroencephalogram/electromyogram EEG/EMG) recording, at the age of 2 years, 9 months, revealed rhythmic and synchronous legs with EMG activity at 0.5 Hz. A more complete polygraphic recording at the age of 3 years, 10 months, showed a lower frequency (0.35 Hz) for the movements, which were time-locked with the respiratory cycle. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brain revealed an increased T2 signal in the upper medulla-lower pons regions. The generator of the rhythmic legs movements is postulated to be the respiratory center, connecting with the reticulospinal projecting neurons through an aberrant pathway.

Tilt Training Increases Vasoconstrictor Reserve in Patients with Neurocardiogenic Syncope

Neurocardiogenic syncope (NCS) is a common clinical entity resulting from an excessive reflex autonomic response, particularly during orthostatism. Treatment options are controversial and of limited effectiveness. Tilt training (TT) is a promising option to treat these patients. However, its mechanism of action and clinical impact remain unclear. OBJECTIVE: To characterize hemodynamic and autonomic responses during a TT program in patients with NCS refractory to conventional measures. METHODS: We studied 28 patients (50% male, mean age 41±14 years) without structural heart disease, with NCS documented by tilt testing. The TT program included 9 tilt sessions (3 times a week, 30 min) (60° - 6 sessions, 70° - 3 sessions), under ECG and blood pressure monitoring combined with home orthostatic self-training and 10° head-up during sleep. Systolic volume, cardiac output, total peripheral resistance, baroreflex sensitivity and heart-rate variability were computed. Patients were reassessed at 1 month and every 6 months for a maximum of 36 months (24±12 months). RESULTS: Over the course of the TT program there was a significant increase in total peripheral resistance (1485±225 vs. 1591±187 dyn·s·cm(-5), p<0.05), with a decrease in standard deviation (206±60 vs. 150±42, p<0.05). During follow-up, syncope recurred in five patients (19%), with a significant reduction in the number of episodes (4.0±3.2/patient in the 12 months before TT vs. 1.4±0.8/patient post-TT, p<0.05). CONCLUSION: In refractory NCS, TT may be an effective therapeutic option, with long-term benefits. These results appear to be due to an increase in vasoconstrictor reserve combined with a reduction in its variance.

Short QT Syndrome Presenting As Syncope: How Short Is Too Short?

We report the case of a 52-year-old man who presented to our emergency department (ED) after three episodes of syncope in the seven hours before admission. During his stay in the ED he had recurrent ventricular tachycardia (VT) requiring external electrical cardioversion. A 12-lead electrocardiogram (ECG) showed a short QT (SQT) interval (270 ms, QTc 327 ms), with frequent R-on-T extrasystoles triggering sustained polymorphic VT. After exclusion of other precipitating causes, the patient was diagnosed as having SQT syndrome (SQTS) according to the Gollob criteria. To our knowledge, this is the first known documentation of an SQT-caused arrhythmic episode on a 12-lead ECG, as well as the first reported case of SQTS in Portugal. The patient received an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator and was discharged. At a follow-up assessment 14 months later he was symptom-free, interrogation of the device showed no arrhythmic events, and the ECG showed a QT interval of 320 ms (QTc 347 ms).

Formas Típicas e Atípicas da Doença de Kawasaki

Introdução — A doença de Kawasaki (DK) tem vindo a aumentar de frequência. O seu diagnóstico obedece a critérios clínicos, sendo por vezes difícil. Ultimamente tem-se prestado particular atenção às formas atípicas ou incompletas da doença, sobretudo porque nestas tem sido descrita uma maior incidência de complicações cardiovasculares. Objectivos — Identificar critérios que possam levar ao diagnóstico precoce da doença, particularmente nas formas atípicas. Material e Métodos — Estudo retrospectivo de todas as crianças do Serviço com o diagnóstico de D.K. entre 1984 e 1994. Registou-se o sexo e idade dos doentes (dts) e procurou-se a presença de critérios diagnósticos, bem como de sintomas e sinais adicionais. Analisaram-se os valores laboratoriais, os electrocardiogramas (ECG) e os ecocardiogramas (ECO), tendo-se verificado a terapêutica prescrita. Resultados — Num total de 67 dts, a idade média foi de 3,7 anos, com uma relação de sexos M/F: 1,8/1. Foram criados dois grupos, sendo o Grupo I (n=48) de dts com formas típicas de DK e o Grupo II (n=19) de dts com formas atípicas de D.K.. Nos dois grupos não houve diferenças quanto à idade, à relação M/F e aos achados laboratoriais. Os sinais e sintomas adicionais ocorreram do mesmo modo, à excepção da hepato-esplenomegalia que ocorreu mais no Grupo I. Na análise dos ECG não se encontram arritmias, observando-se outras alterações em 6 dts do Grupo I. Todos os dts fizeram ECO no 1.2 dia de observação, em média 15 dias após o início da doença. ECO anormal surgiu em 36 dts, 33 com alterações das coronárias [Grupo I = 26 (54%); Grupo II = 7 (26%)]. Nos dts do Grupo II o atingimento coronário verificou-se nas crianças mais novas (média = 1,7 anos)havendo uma menor relação M/F (1:3/1). A terapêutica com gamaglobulina foi feita com a mesma frequência nos dois grupos (média = 48%), bem como a terapêutica com ácido acetilsalicílico (média = 91%). Conclusão — A estrita adesão aos critérios diagnósticos de D.K. pode levar ao não reconhecimento de formas atípicas da doença. No presente estudo não foi possível identificar critérios que possam contribuir seguramente para o diagnóstico precoce de DK, sendo no entanto de salientar que as formas atípicas ocorreram numa idade mais precoce registando-se também maior prevalência de alterações coronárias no sexo feminino. A referência para ecocardiografia foi tardia e a terapêutica com gama-globulina foi administrada em menos de metade dos casos.