Food Allergy and Anaphylaxis in Infants and Preschool-Age Children

Food allergy (FA) prevalence data in infants and preschool-age children are sparse, and proposed risk factors lack confirmation. In this study, 19 children’s day care centers (DCC) from 2 main Portuguese cities were selected after stratification and cluster analysis. An ISAAC’s (International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood) derived health questionnaire was applied to a sample of children attending DCCs. Outcomes were FA parental report and anaphylaxis. Logistic regression was used to explore potential risk factors for reported FA. From the 2228 distributed questionnaires, 1217 were included in the analysis (54.6%). Children’s median age was 3.5 years, and 10.8% were described as ever having had FA. Current FA was reported in 5.7%. Three (0.2%) reports compatible with anaphylaxis were identified. Reported parental history of FA, personal history of atopic dermatitis, and preterm birth increased the odds for reported current FA. A high prevalence of parental-perceived FA in preschool-age children was identified. Risk factor identification may enhance better prevention.

Drug-Induced Anaphylaxis Survey in Portuguese Allergy Departments

Background and Objective: Drug-induced anaphylaxis is an unpredictable and potentially fatal adverse drug reaction. The aim of this study was to identify the causes of drug-induced anaphylaxis in Portugal. Methods: During a 4-year period a nationwide notification system for anaphylaxis was implemented, with voluntary reporting by allergists. Data on 313 patients with drug anaphylaxis were received and reviewed. Statistical analysis included distribution tests and multiple logistic regression analysis to investigate significance, regression coefficients, and marginal effects. Results: The mean (SD) age of the patients was 43.8 (17.4) years, and 8.3% were younger than 18 years. The female to male ratio was 2:1. The main culprits were nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) (47.9% of cases), antibiotics (35.5%), and anesthetic agents (6.1%). There was a predominance of mucocutaneous symptoms (92.2%), followed by respiratory symptoms (80.4%) and cardiovascular symptoms (49.0%). Patients with NSAID-induced anaphylaxis showed a tendency towards respiratory and mucocutaneous manifestations. We found no significant associations between age, sex, or atopy and type of drug. Anaphylaxis recurrence was observed in 25.6% of cases, and the risk was higher when NSAIDs were involved. Conclusions: NSAIDs were the most common cause of anaphylaxis in this study and were also associated with a higher rate of recurrence. We stress the need for better therapeutic management and prevention of recurring episodes of drug-induced anaphylaxis.

Fístulas Arteriovenosas Renais. Tratamento Conservador por Embolização Arterial

Fazem-se considerações gerais sobre as FAV, incidindo particularmente nas renais. Descrevem-se dois casos de FAV renais traumáticas com hematúria, tratadas por embolização.

Formas Malignas de Malária por Plasmodium Falciparum

A propósito de 2 Casos Clínicos de malária maligna internados na U.C.I. do Hospital Curry Cabral(em 1983 e 1984), um dos quais de evolução letal, chama-se a atenção para a necessidade do seu diagnóstico precoce.

Dermite das Pálpebras. Estudo Retrospectivo de 5 Anos (2009-2013)

Introdução: A dermite das pálpebras é uma dermatose comum cuja etiologia é muitas vezes difícil de determinar, embora o eczema de contacto alérgico constitua a etiologia mais comum em doentes submetidos a provas epicutâneas. Este é um estudo retrospectivo de 5 anos para avaliar as etiologias e os alérgenos mais frequentes em doentes com eczema de contacto alérgico das pálpebras. Materiais e Métodos: Identificaram-se todos os doentes com dermite das pálpebras submetidos a provas epicutâneas na Consulta de Dermatologia do Hospital Curry Cabral no período de 2009-2013 (5 anos) por meio de uma base de dados informatizada. Resultados: No período de 5 anos (2009-2013) foi testado um total de 1341 doentes, dos quais 117 (8,7%) foram testados por dermite das pálpebras. A etiologia mais frequente foi o eczema de contacto alérgico (54 doentes) seguida de eczema atópico (22 doentes). A resina Formoltoluenosulfonamida foi o alérgeno mais frequentemente identificado. O grupo de alérgenos mais frequentemente apurado foi o dos conservantes, seguido dos grupos das fragrâncias e fármacos.

Prurido Crónico

O Prurido crónico é um sintoma que tem um impacto significativo na qualidade de vida dos doentes. Pode estar associado a um vasto conjunto de doenças e na maioria dos casos, é difícil conseguir um alívio completo da sintomatologia. A investigação da sua etiologia implica a colheita de uma história clínica meticulosa, bem com a realização do exame objectivo e de exames complementares de diagnóstico. O tratamento do prurido é frequentemente um desafio para o dermatologista e pode incluir a implementação de diferentes terapêuticas. Esta revisão pretende dar ênfase à abordagem clínica e às opções terapêuticas do doente com prurido crónico.

Calcinose Cutis, Insuficiência Renal e Heparinas de Baixo Peso Molecular Contendo Cálcio

Foi solicitada observação por Dermatologia de uma doente de 35 anos de idade, de raça negra, por 2 nódulos subcutâneos localizados na região paraumbilical direita e flanco direito com 2 semanas de evolução. Da história prévia, destaque para doença renal crónica em programa de hemodiálise e infeção pelo vírus da imunodeficiência humana (VIH-1). Ao exame objetivo observaram-se 2 nódulos bem delimitados, subcutâneos, sem alteração da coloração; à palpação, estes eram dolorosos, de consistência pétrea e não aderentes aos planos profundos. Foi realizada biópsia incisional para exame histopatológico, que confirmou a hipótese diagnóstica de calcinose cutis. Uma revisão cuidadosa de toda a medicação realizada permitiu estabelecer a relação entre este achado e a administração subcutânea de nadroparina cálcica nessa localização, umas semanas antes. A dermatose regrediu espontaneamente em 2 meses após a suspensão das injeções subcutâneas de nadroparina cálcica. A calcinose cutis devida à administração de heparinas de baixo peso molecular contendo cálcio é rara, admitindo-se que elevação do produto fósforo-cálcio possa ser determinante na sua fisiopatologia. É geralmente autolimitada, resolvendo espontaneamente.

Alterações Hidro-Electrolíticas Induzidas por Ressecção Prostática Transuretral

A ressecção prostática transuretral (RTU) foi incriminada como causa de hiponatrémias graves por absorção macissa do soluto de irrigação (SI) vesical. Observámos 41 doentes submetidos a RTU, usando como SI Sorbitol Manitol (Grupo A), e 6 doentes usando água destilada (Grupo B). Um Grupo C, era constituído por 6 doentes operados por motivos não urológicos com intervenções com duração e anestesia semelhantes à RTU. Os três grupos foram estudados segundo um mesmo protocolo com colheitas de sangue antes (tempo 1), imediatamente após (tempo II) e 1 hora depois da intervenção(tempo III). A natrémia diminuiu significativamente nos 3 grupos do tempo 1 para o tempo II, em média 3,4mEq 1 com Manitol Sorbitol, 2,3mEq 1 com água destilada, e 4,4mEq 1 no grupo C. A osmolalidade não se alterou significativamente ao longo dos três tempos de colheita, o gap osmolar subiu do tempo 1 para o tempo II apenas no grupo A com Sorbitol Manitol. Em resumo, descidas moderadas no sódio sérico sem relevância clínica, e sem hipotonicidade, são frequentes post-RTU, mas não deverão ser superiores à restante cirurgia sem irrigação vesical.

Três Anos de SIDA. Experiência do Hospital Curry Cabral com as Infecções pelo HIV (1985-1988)

Os AA. apresentam um estudo retrospectivo da Consulta e Internamentos no Pavilhão F do Hos pital Curry Cabral, em Lisboa, de 90 indivíduos seropositivos para os vírus da Síndroma de Imunodeficiência Adquirida (SIDA), HIV-l (81), HIV-2 (6) e HIV-l + HIV-2 (3). Foi feita a distribuição por sexos (M = 97,8%), idades (média —36,5 anos), grupos de risco (homossexuais — 64,4%, heterossexuais —21 ,l%, toxicómanos —7,1%, relacionados com transfusões de sangue ou derivados — 5,6%), e pelas classificações de Walter-Reed e CDC. Salienta-se um aumento da incidência desde 1985 até ao fim do primeiro trimestre de 1988, altura em que este estudo foi efectuado, com uma duplicação anual de casos, e uma inesperada elevada incidência para os heterossexuais. Apontam-se as incidências de 22% para o Sarcoma de Kaposi na classe WR6, de 55,6% para a Pneumonia por Pheumocystis carinii e 13,9% para a Criptococose, também na classe WR6. Salientam-se os envolvimentos neurológicos, linfadenopático e síndroma de emaciação. Registamos uma taxa de mortalidade global de 31,3% no grupo WR5 e 63,9% no WR6. Procurámos calcular os riscos relativos para as diversas situações patológicas e obter correlações entre estes e situação imunológica, avaliada pela deplecção linfocitária de linfócitos T helper’. Nestes casos testámos a independência da amostra com o teste do Qui-quadrado.

Five-Year Review of an International Clinical Research-Training Program

The exponential increase in clinical research has profoundly changed medical sciences. Evidence that has accumulated in the past three decades from clinical trials has led to the proposal that clinical care should not be based solely on clinical expertise and patient values, and should integrate robust data from systematic research. As a consequence, clinical research has become more complex and methods have become more rigorous, and evidence is usually not easily translated into clinical practice. Therefore, the instruction of clinical research methods for scientists and clinicians must adapt to this new reality. To address this challenge, a global distance-learning clinical research-training program was developed, based on collaborative learning, the pedagogical goal of which was to develop critical thinking skills in clinical research. We describe and analyze the challenges and possible solutions of this course after 5 years of experience (2008-2012) with this program. Through evaluation by students and faculty, we identified and reviewed the following challenges of our program: 1) student engagement and motivation, 2) impact of heterogeneous audience on learning, 3) learning in large groups, 4) enhancing group learning, 5) enhancing social presence, 6) dropouts, 7) quality control, and 8) course management. We discuss these issues and potential alternatives with regard to our research and background.

Atorvastatin versus Bezafibrate in Mixed Hyperlipidaemia : Randomised Clinical Trial of Efficacy and Safety (the ATOMIX Study)

OBJECTIVE: Combined hyperlipidaemia is a common and highly atherogenic lipid phenotype with multiple lipoprotein abnormalities that are difficult to normalise with single-drug therapy. The ATOMIX multicentre, controlled clinical trial compared the efficacy and safety of atorvastatin and bezafibrate in patients with diet-resistant combined hyperlipidaemia. PATIENTS AND STUDY DESIGN: Following a 6-week placebo run-in period, 138 patients received atorvastatin 10mg or bezafibrate 400mg once daily in a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. To meet predefined low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C) target levels, atorvastatin dosages were increased to 20mg or 40mg once daily after 8 and 16 weeks, respectively. RESULTS: After 52 weeks, atorvastatin achieved greater reductions in LDL-C than bezafibrate (percentage decrease 35 vs 5; p < 0.0001), while bezafibrate achieved greater reductions in triglyceride than atorvastatin (percentage decrease 33 vs 21; p < 0.05) and greater increases in high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C) [percentage increase 28 vs 17; p < 0.01 ]. Target LDL-C levels (according to global risk) were attained in 62% of atorvastatin recipients and 6% of bezafibrate recipients, and triglyceride levels <200 mg/dL were achieved in 52% and 60% of patients, respectively. In patients with normal baseline HDL-C, bezafibrate was superior to atorvastatin for raising HDL-C, while in those with baseline HDL-C <35 mg/dL, the two drugs raised HDL-C to a similar extent after adjustment for baseline values. Both drugs were well tolerated. CONCLUSION: The results show that atorvastatin has an overall better efficacy than bezafibrate in concomitantly reaching LDL-C and triglyceride target levels in combined hyperlipidaemia, thus supporting its use as monotherapy in patients with this lipid phenotype.

Renal Disease in Madeira Islands: Twenty-Seven Years' Experience of Native Kidney Biopsies

Introduction: Renal biopsy plays an essential role either in the diagnosis or in the prognosis of patients with renal disease. In order to assess its epidemiology and evolution in Madeira Islands, we analysed twenty-seven years of native kidney biopsies. Methods: We performed a retrospective analysis of clinical records, including histological revision from 1986 to 2012, totalling 315 native kidney biopsies. They were assessed regarding the temporal evolution both for the quality/indications for renal biopsy and for the patterns of kidney disease. Results: A total of 315 native kidney biopsies were analysed. The patients’ mean age was of 40.8 ± 18.4 years and 50.5%(n = 159) were males. The most common indications for renal biopsy were nephrotic syndrome (36.2%, n = 114) and acute kidney injury (20.0%, n = 63). Among primary glomerular diseases (41.5%, n = 115) the most common were IgA nephropathy (26.1%, n = 30) and focal-segmental glomerulosclerosis (17.4%, n = 20) and among secondary glomerular diseases (31.4%, n = 87), lupus nephritis (51.7%, n = 45) and amyloidosis (20.7%, n = 18). Statistical analysis revealed significant correlation between gender and major pathological diagnosis (Fisher’s exact test, p <.01) and between indications for renal biopsy and major pathological diagnosis (χ2, p <.01). Regarding the temporal evolution, no statistically significant differences were found in the number of renal biopsies (χ2, p =.193), number of glomeruli per sample (Fisher’s exact test, p =.669), age (Kruskal-Wallis, p =.216), indications for renal biopsy (χ2, p =.106) or major pathological diagnosis groups (χ2,p =.649). However, considering the specific clinico-pathological diagnoses and their temporal variation, a statistically significant difference (Fisher’s exact test, p <.05) was found for lupus nephritis and membranous nephropathy with an increasing incidence and for amyloidosis with an opposite tendency. Discussion: The review of the native kidney biopsies from a population with particular characteristics, geographically isolated, such as those from Madeira Islands, showed parallel between epidemiological numbers referring to other European subpopulations, allowing simultaneously a comprehensive approach to our renal biopsy policies.

Anti-Phospholipase A2 Receptor Antibodies in the Diagnosis of Idiopathic Membranous Nephropathy

Circulating anti-phospholipase A2 receptor antibodies (anti-PLA2R) have been described in 70% to 80% of the patients with idiopathic membranous nephropathy (iMN), but not in patients with secondary membranous nephropathy or other glomerular diseases. The goal of this study was to evaluate the sensitivity and specificity of the assay for anti-PLA2R in the diagnosis of iMN. Anti-PLA2R IgG, Elisa and immunofluorescence tests were used to detect circulating anti-PLA2R. These tests were applied in 53 patients who had a kidney biopsy. Of these, 38 had histological diagnosis of membranous nephropathy (MN) and the remaining had other glomerular diseases. The MN was classified as idiopathic in 33 patients after clinical exclusion of secondary causes. Anti-PLA2R were positive in 57.6% of the patients with iMN. All patients with secondary membranous nephropathy or other glomerular diseases did not show circulating anti-PLA2R. The sensitivity was 57.6% (CI 39.2-74.5) and specificity 100% (CI 47.8-100), AUC 0.788; p < 0.0001 for the detection of iMN. 71.4% of the iMN patients that tested negative for anti-PLA2R were in partial or complete remission. The detection of anti-PLA2R in the studied population had a specificity of 100% for the iMN diagnosis. Prior treatments seem to make the test negative and contribute to a lower sensitivity.