Infective Endocarditis Complicated by Large Aortic Pseudoaneurysm after Cardiac Surgery

A 66-year-old female with Streptococcus viridans aortic and tricuspid infective endocarditis develops, during the course of antibiotic therapy, rupture of a right coronary sinus of Valsalva aneurysm to the right ventricle. An urgent cardiac surgery is preformed with implantation of a mechanical aortic prosthesis and a right coronary sinus plasty. Six months later a huge aortic pseudoaneurysm is diagnosed and she is submitted to a second uneventful surgery. A review is done for the significant features with discussion of diagnosis and therapy.

Risk of Surgery for Congenital Heart Disease in the Adult: a Multicentered European Study

BACKGROUND: Surgery for congenital heart disease (CHD) has changed considerably during the last three decades. The results of primary repair have steadily improved, to allow treating almost all patients within the pediatric age; nonetheless an increasing population of adult patients requires surgical treatment. The objective of this study is to present the early surgical results of patients who require surgery for CHD in the adult population within a multicentered European study population. METHODS: Data relative to the hospital course of 2,012 adult patients (age > or = 18 years) who required surgical treatment for CHD from January 1, 1997 through December 31, 2004 were reviewed. Nineteen cardiothoracic centers from 13 European countries contributed to the data collection. RESULTS: Mean age at surgery was 34.4 +/- 14.53 years. Most of the operations were corrective procedures (1,509 patients, 75%), followed by reoperations (464 patients, 23.1%) and palliative procedures (39 patients, 1.9%). Six hundred forty-nine patients (32.2%) required surgical closure of an isolated ostium secundum atrial septal defect. Overall hospital mortality was 2%. Preoperative cyanosis, arrhythmias, and NYHA class III-IV, proved significant risk factors for hospital mortality. Follow-up data were available in 1,342 of 1,972 patients (68%) who were discharged home. Late deaths occurred in 6 patients (0.5%). Overall survival probability was 97% at 60 months, which is higher for corrective procedures (98.2%) if compared with reoperations (94.1%) and palliations (86.1%). CONCLUSIONS: Surgical treatment of CHD in adult patients, in specialized cardiac units, proved quite safe, beneficial, and low-risk.

Results of Surgery for Ebstein Anomaly: a Multicenter Study from the European Congenital Heart Surgeons Association

OBJECTIVE: Since most centers' experience with Ebstein anomaly is limited, we sought to analyze the collective experience of participating institutions of the European Congenital Heart Surgeons Association with surgery for this rare malformation. METHODS: The records of all 150 patients (median age 6.4 years) who underwent surgery for Ebstein anomaly in the 13 participating Association centers between January 1992 and January 2005 were reviewed retrospectively. Patients with congenitally corrected transposition were excluded. RESULTS: Most patients (81%) had Ebstein disease type B or C and significant functional impairment (61% in New York Heart Association class III or IV) and 16% had prior operations. Surgical procedures (n = 179) included valve replacement (n = 60, 33.5%), valve repair (n = 49, 27.3%), 1(1/2) ventricle repair (n = 46, 25.6%), palliative shunt (n = 13, 7.26%), and other complex procedures (n = 11, 6.14%). There were 20 hospital deaths (operative mortality 13.3%) after valve replacement in 5 patients, valve repair in 3, 1(1/2) ventricle repair in 7, palliative procedures in 3, and miscellaneous procedures in 2. Younger age and palliative procedures were univariate risk factors for operative death, but only age was an independent predictor on multivariable analysis. CONCLUSIONS: Most patients coming to surgery presented in childhood and were significantly symptomatic. More than half underwent valve replacement or repair, but a considerable proportion had severe disease necessitating 1(1/2) ventricle repair or palliative procedures. Operative mortality did not differ significantly among repair, replacement, and 1(1/2) ventricle repair but was associated with palliative procedures for severe disease early in life, young age being the only independent predictor of operative death.

Necrose Intestinal na Criança

O termo necrose intestinal traduz exclusivamente um conceito anatomopatológico e clínco, e implica sempre um isquémia instestinal oclusiva ou não. A enterocolite necrosante, em sentido lato, implica uma isquémia intestinal não oclusiva associada a um mecanismo infeccioso. O factor desencadeante da necrose é, por vezes, difícil de determinar. A enterocolite necrosante ocorre em 90% dos casos em recém-nascidos prematuros, sendo mesmo frequente no recém-nascido de termo e rara na crança mais velha e no adulto. Apresentam-se os casos clínicos de duas crianças; uma de sete anos com antecedentes de neutropénia crónica e outra de onze anos com défice cognitivo grave, dismorfia e alterações de comportamento, ambas internadas por quadro de abdómen agudo e choque. Foi efectuada ressecção do segmento jejunal num dos casos e ressecção subtotal do cólon no outro, por necrose. Apesar da cirurgia e da terapêutica médica de suporte, ambas acabaram por morrer em falência multiorgânica, respectivamente três horas após a cirurgia e ao 14º dia de internamento, após segunda intervenção com ressecção do segmento necrosado íleon. A necrópsia de ambos os casos revelou necrose extensa de todo o restante intestino. Os dois casos clínicos comportaram-se como enterocolite necrosante da criança, sendo o diagnóstico de exclusão numa delas, de enterocolite neutropénica. Efectua-se uma revisão dos mecanismos etiopatogénicos da necrose intestinal da criança, desde os tromboembólicos, obstrutivos extrínsecos ou endoluminais, inflamatórios, isquémicos não oclusivos, até aos infecciosos. Para além das medidas gerais de terapêutica, salienta-se a necessidade de uma intervenção cirúrgica precose e de meios diagnósticos terapêuticos, como o doseamento, no sangue e na urina, da proteína de ligação aos ácidos gordos intestinais e a arteriografia selectiva.

Tranexamic Acid for Major Spinal Surgery in Children. A Retrospective Study

Introduction: Paediatric patients who undergo posterior spinal fusion surgery to correct scoliosis often require multiple blood transfusions. Tranexamic acid is a synthetic antifibrinolytic drug that reduces transfusion requirements in scoliosis surgery (1),(2),(3). Methods: To evaluate the efficacy of prophylactic tranexamic acid (TA) (initial dose of 10mg/kg and infusion of 1mg.kg(-1).h(-1)) in reducing perioperative blood transfusion requirements, we reviewed patients files and compared the amount of blood lost and blood transfused in the perioperative period of 12 patients (54.5%) that received TA and 10 patients (45.5%) who did not received TA. T-Student test was applied. Results: The average difference of blood losses (2,67 +/- 6,06ml) and blood transfused (212,9 +/- 101,1ml) between the two groups was not statistically significant (p>0.05). No thrombotic complications were detected in either group. Discussion: Results of the current study showed that prophylactic low dose of TA did not have a significant effect in the management of intraoperative blood loss and transfusion requirements in children undergoing scoliosis surgery. It is important to emphasize that our study is retrospective and that the size of the sample is small. Further studies are needed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of TA on paediatric scoliosis surgery.

Vólvulo Intestinal en el Periodo Neonatal: 8 Años de Experiencia en un Hospital Pediátrico Terciario

Análise dos casos de volvo intestinal ocorridos no período neonatal nos últimos 8 anos (2002 a 2010). Material e métodos: Foram estudados os recém-nascidos admitidos na UCIN cujo diagnóstico de saída foi volvo intestinal. Foram estudados os seguintes parâmetros: idade gestacional e pós-natal, apresentação clínica e imagiológica, intervenção cirúrgica e resultados. Resultados: Foram identificados 15 doentes 7 dos quais no último ano do estudo. Sete RN eram pré-termo (PT) ou ex pré-termo. A mediana de peso ao nascer foi de 2665g (660-3900); 4 RN eram muito baixo peso. A mediana de idade de início dos sintomas foi 7 dias; em 5 RN a doença teve início nas primeiras 24 horas de vida; em 3 destes, o volvo ocorreu in utero. Sinais e sintomas: grande distensão abdominal-12; resíduo gástrico bilioso-11; alterações da parede abdominal-5; dejecções com sangue-4; instabilidade hemodinâmica-6. Imagiologia: grande distensão de ansas, sem ar ectópico- 10 doentes; ausência de ar no abdómen-4; trânsito intestinal contrastado sugestivo de malrotação e volvo-3; ecografia e Doppler abdominal com sinal de “whirlpool”-2. Todos foram submetidos a cirurgia de urgência, sendo o volvo confirmado intraoperatoriamente; foi necessária ressecção intestinal em 9 doentes; 3 ficaram com síndrome do intestino curto; registou-se um óbito por falência multi-orgânica no período pós-operatório. Conclusão: Foi encontrado um elevado número de casos de volvo intestinal em RN pré-termo ou ex pré-termo, de volvo in utero e de elevada ocorrência de casos no último ano do estudo. Resíduo gástrico bilioso e distensão abdominal foram os sintomas mais frequentes de volvo e devem ser tomados em consideração no diagnóstico diferencial com outras situações cirúrgicas abdominais. As sequelas são potencialmente graves.

Transoesophageal Echocardiography for Monitoring Liver Surgery: Data from a Pilot Study

A pilot study aimed to introduce intraoperative monitoring of liver surgery using transoesophageal echocardiography (TEE) is described. A set of TEE measurements was established as a protocol, consisting of left atrial (LA) dimension at the aortic valve plane; mitral velocity flow integral, calculation of stroke volume and cardiac output (CO); mitral annular plane systolic excursion; finally, right atrial area. A total of 165 measurements (on 21 patients) were performed, 31 occurring during hypotension. The conclusions reached were during acute blood loss LA dimension changed earlier than CVP, and, in one patient, a dynamic left ventricular (LV) obstruction was observed; in 3 patients a transient LV systolic dysfunction was documented. The comparison between 39 CO paired measurements obtained by TEE and PiCCO2 revealed a statistically significant correlation (P < 0.001, r = 0.83). In this pilot study TEE successfully answered the questions raised by the anesthesiologists. Larger cohort studies are needed to address this issue.

Doença Inflamatória Intestinal Pediátrica. Uma Patologia em Crescendo?

Introdução: A Doença de Crohn (DC), Colite Ulcerosa (CU) e Colite Indeterminada (CI), habitualmente designadas por Doença Inflamatória Intestinal (DII), representam um grupo heterogéneo de patologias crónicas, de etiologia desconhecida e evolução variável, podendo manifestar-se, em idade pediátrica, em cerca de 25 a 30% dos casos. Estudos epidemiológicos internacionais comprovam o aumento exponencial da sua incidência nos países industrializados, em particular da DC, nos últimos 50 anos. Objectivos: Caracterização da população pediátrica com o diagnóstico de DII, seguida na consulta de Gastrenterologia Infantil do Hospital de Dona Estefânia (HDE). Material e Métodos: Estudo descritivo e retrospectivo, mediante consulta de processos clínicos, de doentes com o diagnóstico de DII, entre 1987 e 2009 (23 anos). Utilizaram-se critérios clínicos, radiológicos e histológicos para a definição de DII. Foram estudadas as seguintes variáveis: caracterização da DII, sexo, antecedentes familiares, idade à data do diagnóstico, intervalo de tempo entre o início da sintomatologia e respectivo diagnóstico e apresentação clínica. Foram comparados quatro intervalos de tempo: 1987-1992, 1993-1998, 1999-2004 e 2005-2009. Resultados: Foram incluídas 100 crianças, 51 pertencentes ao sexo feminino, das quais 59% correspondem a DC, 38% a CU e 3% a CI. Verificou-se a presença de antecedentes familiares de DII em sete casos, não se verificando diferença significativa de sexo entre a CU e a DC. No período compreendido entre 2005 e 2009 foi registado o maior número de novos casos (55 no total; média: 11 casos/ano) e entre 1987 e 1992 registou-se o menor número de novos casos (9; 1,5 casos/ano). O intervalo de tempo que decorreu entre o início dos sintomas e o diagnóstico de DII variou entre nove meses (1987-1992) e quatro meses (2005-2009). A idade no momento do diagnóstico variou entre os 14 meses e os 17 anos, com um valor médio de 10,5 anos. A sintomatologia inaugural mais frequente foi a presença de dor abdominal, a diarreia e a hematoquézia. Conclusão: A DII engloba um grupo heterogéneo de patologias, nem sempre fáceis de diagnosticar ou classificar, dada a ausência de critérios de diagnóstico uniformes. Os resultados apresentados mostram o aumento do número de novos casos, na consulta de Gastrenterologia do HDE, nas últimas duas décadas, não se verificando diferença no que diz respeito ao sexo. O tempo que decorreu entre o início dos sintomas e o diagnóstico diminuiu ao longo dos anos, tendo permanecido inalterada a idade no momento do diagnóstico e a apresentação clínica.

Analysis of the Dynamics and Origin of Epileptic Activity in Patients with Tuberous Sclerosis Evaluated for Surgery of Epilepsy

Objective: The epilepsies associated with the tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) are very often refractory to medical therapy. Surgery for epilepsy is an effective alternative when the critical link between the localization of seizure onset in the scalp and a particular cortical tuber can be established. In this study we perform analysis of ictal and interictal EEG to improve such link. Methods: The ictal and interictal recordings of four patients with TSC undergoing surgery for epilepsy were submitted to independent component analysis (ICA), followed by source analysis, using the sLORETA algorithm. The localizations obtained for the ictal EEG and for the average interictal spikes were compared. Results: The ICA of ictal EEG produced consistent results in different events, and there was good agreement with the tubers that were successfully removed in three of the four patients (one patient refused surgery). In some patients there was a large discrepancy between the localization of ictal and interictal sources. The interictal activity produced more widespread source localizations. Conclusions: The use of ICA of ictal EEG followed by the use of source analysis methods in four cases of epilepsy and TSC was able to localize the epileptic generators very near the lesions successfully removed in surgery for epilepsy. Significance: The ICA of ictal EEG events may be a useful add-on to the tools used to establish the connection between epileptic scalp activity and the cortical tubers originating it, in patients with TSC considered for surgery of epilepsy.

Association of Intestinal Malrotation and Bochdalek Hernia in an Adult: a Case Report

Background Late presentations of congenital diaphragmatic hernia are rare and differ from the classic neonatal presentation. The association with other congenital malformations in children, mainly intestinal malrotation, is well documented. The diagnosis of this association in adults is very rare, and depends on a high degree of suspicion. Case presentation We report a case of a 50-year-old female Caucasian patient with a previous history of intestinal malrotation diagnosed in adolescence and treated conservatively. She was referred to the hospital with signs and symptoms of intestinal obstruction. The patient undertook computed tomography that confirmed small bowel obstruction with no obvious cause, and a right subphrenic abscess with right empyema was also present. An exploratory laparotomy was performed that revealed an intestinal malrotation associated with a right gangrenous and perforated Bochdalek hernia. Resection of the affected small bowel, closure of the Bochdalek foramen and the Ladd procedure were carried out. Conclusion This case shows a rare association of two rare conditions in adults, and highlights the challenge in reaching the diagnosis and management options.

Oclusão Intestinal. Experiência da Urgência do H.S.José 1981-1991

Os Autores descrevem a experiência, em oclusão intestinal, da Unidade de Urgência Cirúrgica dos Hospitais Civis de Lisboa (UUC-HCL), no período de 10 anos, decorrido entre Novembro de 1981 e Novembro de 1991, estimando que esta entidade patológica tenha constituído cerca de 15% da casuística de cirurgia geral daquele Serviço. Os dados referentes aos 3679 doentes, operados de urgência por oclusão intestinal, foram reunidos num ficheiro informatizado e a sua análise global é descrita recorrendo à representação gráfica dos elementos mais relevantes. Foi semelhante a distribuição por sexos : feminino (49%) e masculino (5 1%). A forma mecânica de oclusão (94%)teve como patologias mais frequentes: a hérnia estrangulada (1604 casos), a brida (568 casos) e o cancro (713 casos); e a forma dinâmica ou funcional (6%) teve, como principal ocorrência, a isquémia intestinal (143 casos). A terapêutica cirúrgica foi avaliada de forma geral. No entanto, comenta-se, brevemente, a evolução registada no tratamento primário do cancro colorrectal em oclusão (625 casos). A taxa de mortalidade global foi de 10,8% (adulto). Em termos relativos, teve como principais expressões: (39%) na isquémia intestinal, (23%) no cancro e (22%) no volvo intestinal.

Ovarian Borderline Tumor and Fertility-Sparing Surgery

Ovarian borderline tumors (OBTs) are frequently diagnosed in women of reproductive age. There is no consensus about their management, and it sometimes represents a dilemma aboutwhat should be done: fertility sparing surgery or a hysterectomy with salpingo-oophorectomy? Case: A 32-year-old nulligravida, diagnosed with a right ovarian borderline tumor is presented. She underwent pelvic washings, right salpingo-oophorectomy, appendectomy, and omental and peritoneal biopsies (laparotomic approach). Macroscopically, the left ovary was normal and subsequent exploration for staging was also normal, including the lymph nodes. Intraoperatively, frozen section examination was unclear, suggesting an OBT. Results: The final histopathologic diagnosis was ovarian borderline tumor, stage IIC (International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics [FIGO] staging). The patient expressed a desire to preserve her fertility. Thirty-six months postsurgery, she became pregnant spontaneously and delivered a healthy newborn at term. Conclusions: Conservative surgery can be performed in young patients treated for an OBT, provided they are closely followed up and that this surgery is performed after careful consideration and informed consent. It is, however, controversial with respect to performing hysterectomy and salpingo-oopherectomy upon the patient’s completion of childbearing.