Ligand K-edge X-ray absorption spectroscopy and DFT calculations on [Fe3S4]0,+ clusters: delocalization, redox, and effect of the protein environment

Ligand K-edge XAS of an [Fe3S4]0 model complex is reported. The pre-edge can be resolved into contributions from the í2Ssulfide, í3Ssulfide, and Sthiolate ligands. The average ligand-metal bond covalencies obtained from these pre-edges are further distributed between Fe3+ and Fe2.5+ components using DFT calculations. The bridging ligand covalency in the [Fe2S2]+ subsite of the [Fe3S4]0 cluster is found to be significantly lower than its value in a reduced [Fe2S2] cluster (38% vs 61%, respectively). This lowered bridging ligand covalency reduces the superexchange coupling parameter J relative to its value in a reduced [Fe2S2]+ site (-146 cm-1 vs -360 cm-1, respectively). This decrease in J, along with estimates of the double exchange parameter B and vibronic coupling parameter ì2/k-, leads to an S ) 2 delocalized ground state in the [Fe3S4]0 cluster. The S K-edge XAS of the protein ferredoxin II (Fd II) from the D. gigas active site shows a decrease in covalency compared to the model complex, in the same oxidation state, which correlates with the number of H-bonding interactions to specific sulfur ligands present in the active site. The changes in ligand-metal bond covalencies upon redox compared with DFT calculations indicate that the redox reaction involves a two-electron change (one-electron ionization plus a spin change of a second electron) with significant electronic relaxation. The presence of the redox inactive Fe3+ center is found to decrease the barrier of the redox process in the [Fe3S4] cluster due to its strong antiferromagnetic coupling with the redox active Fe2S2 subsite.

Study and characterization of the ZnPc:C60/MoOx interface in organic solar cells by means of photoelectron spectroscopy

Dissertation to obtain the academic degree of Master in materials engineering submitted to the Faculty of science and engineering of Universidade Nova de Lisboa

Chemical analysis of 17th century Millefiori glasses excavated in the Monastery of Sta. Clara‐a‐Velha: comparison with Venetian and façon‐de‐Venise production

Dissertação apresentada na Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia da Universidade Nova de Lisboa para obtenção do grau de Mestre em Conservação e Restauro,Área de especialização Cerâmica e Vidro

Glass in Cultural Heritage – An Introduction

Proceedings of the Chemistry and Conservation Science

Structural and functional studies of PpcA: a key protein in the electron transfer pathways of Geobacter sulfurreducens

Dissertação para obtenção do Grau de Doutor em Bioquímica, ramo de Biotecnologia

Printed electronics for ubiquitous computing applications

Dissertação para obtenção do Grau de Doutor em Química

Untitled: connecting layers of confusion, sensation and transformation

Dissertação para obtenção do Grau de Mestre em Arte e Ciência do Vidro

Follow the red road of triheme cytochromes in Geobacter sulfurreducens

The bacterium Geobacter sulfurreducens (Gs) is capable of oxidizing a large variety of compounds relaying electrons out of the cytoplasm and across the membrane in a process designated as extracellular electron transfer. The Gs genome was fully sequenced and a family composed by five periplasmic triheme cytochromes c7 (designated PpcA-E) was identified. These cytochromes play an important role in the reduction of extracellular acceptors. They contain approximately 70 amino acids, three heme groups with bis-histidinyl axial coordination, and share between 57 and 77% sequence identity. The triheme cytochrome PpcA is highly abundant in Gs and is most likely the reservoir of electrons destined for outer surface. In addition to its role in electron transfer pathways this protein can perform e-/H+ energy transduction, a process that is disrupted when the strictly conserved aromatic residue phenylalanine 15 is replaced by a leucine (PpcAF15L). This Thesis focuses on the expression, purification and characterization of these proteins using Nuclear Magnetic Resonance and ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy. The orientations of the heme axial histidine ring planes and the orientation of the heme magnetic axis were determined for each Gs triheme cytochrome. The comparison of the orientations obtained in solution with the crystal structures available showed significant differences. The results obtained provide the paramagnetic constraints to include in the future refinement of the solution structure in the oxidized state. In this work was also determined the solution structure and the pH-dependent conformational changes of the PpcAF15L allowing infer the structural origin for e-/H+ energy transduction mechanism as shown by PpcA. Finally, the backbone and side chain NH signals of PpcA were used to map interactions between this protein and the putative redox partner 9,10-anthraquinone-2,6-disulfonate (AQDS). In this work a molecular interaction was identified for the first time between PpcA and AQDS, constituting the first step toward the rationalization of the Gs respiratory chain.

Desenvolvimento de um papel de filtro de baixo custo para tratamento de água

É sabido que devido à escassez de água potável, nomeadamente em países sub-desenvolvidos, morrem milhares de pessoas por ano, com a procura de fontes de água alternativas, que por sua vez se encontram contaminadas com microrganismos patogénicos; a este facto também se salienta a possibilidade de ocorrência de catástrofes naturais, tornando-se necessário o desenvolvimento de sistemas de desinfecção prácticos, de baixo custo e eficientes. O trabalho experimental desenvolvido focou-se nestas realidades, tendo por objectivo principal o desenvolvimento de um papel bactericida, em particular, um papel de baixo custo como é o caso do papel de filtro de café, para aplicação em desinfecção de água. Este papel foi funcionalizado com nanopartículas sintetizadas de prata, óxido de zinco e com ambas, assim como com nanopartículas comerciais, cuja caracterização foi feita por Microscopia Electrónica de Varrimento (SEM, Scanning Electron Microscopy), Energia Dispersiva de Raios-X (EDS, Energy-dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy), Espectroscopia de Ultravioleta-Visível (UV-VIS Uv-Visible Spectroscopy), Difracção de Raios-X (DRX, X-Rays Diffraction), Análise Termogravimétrica (TA, Thermal Analysis), e Calorimetria Diferencial de Varrimento (DSC, Differencial Scanning Calorimetry) e a actividade anti-bacteriana dos papéis foi avaliada através de Testes de Sensibilidade aos Antibióticos, pelo Método de Kirby-Bauer, contra as bactérias S.a.ATCC25923 e E.coli ATCC25922. No decorrer das sínteses variaram-se alguns parâmetros consoante o tipo de nanopartícula, para as np´s de prata variou-se essencialmente a metodologia de síntese e o tipo de redutor, para as np´s de óxido de zinco, dado ser um composto fotossensível, submeteu-se o papel á luz ultravioleta, o que, por outro lado também esterelizava o papel, e para ter uma comparação, esterelizou-se também o papel pela autoclave, constatando-se, pelas técnicas de caracterização, nomeadamente DRX, que os papeis não continham nanopartículas de óxido de zinco mas sim de acetato de zinco. Surpreendentemente, nos papéis autoclavados já se detectou a presença de óxido de zinco. Com os papéis que evidenciararam maior actividade anti-bacteriana realizaram-se filtrações de membrana com amostras de água contaminada e a determinação da concentração de metal no filtrado foi realizada pela técnica de Espectroscopia de Absorção Atómica de Chama (Flame Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy) conseguindo-se uma taxa de redução bacteriana de practicamente 100% para E.coli NCTC 9001 e E.f NCTC775 com os papéis contendo acetato de zinco numa concentração de 50 mM e np´sAg e acetato de zinco, numa concentração de 10 mM. De forma a validar o trabalho desenvolvido a parte final consistiu em testar os filtros com melhores propriedades em águas contaminadas, tendo esse trabalho sido feito no Laboratório de Água de Consumo dos Serviços Municipalizados de Água e Saneamento de Almada.

Solution processed quantum dot photodetectors

To find sustainable solutions for the production of energy, it is necessary to create photovoltaic technologies that make every photon count. To pursue this necessity, in the present work photodetectors of zinc oxide embedded with nano-structured materials, that significantly raise the conversion of solar energy to electric energy, were developed. The novelty of this work is on the development of processing methodologies in which all steps are in solution: quantum dots synthesis, passivation of their surface and sol-gel deposition. The quantum dot solutions with different capping agents were characterized by UVvisible absorption spectroscopy, spectrofluorimetry, dynamic light scattering and transmission electron microscopy. The obtained quantum dots have dimensions between 2 and 3nm. These particles were suspended in zinc acetate solutions and used to produce doped zinc oxide films with embedded quantum dots, whose electric response was tested. The produced nano-structured zinc oxide materials have a superior performance than the bulk, in terms of the produced photo-current. This indicates that an intermediate band material should have been produced that acts as a photovoltaic medium for solar cells. The results are currently being compiled in a scientific article, that is being prepared for possible submission to Energy and Environmental Science or Nanoscale journals.

Measurement of lead concentration in biological tissues by atomic spectroscopy techniques

Dissertation for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Physics

Storage of water molecules into biomimetic heterostructures: the role of roughness

The development of devices based on heterostructured thin films of biomolecules conveys a huge contribution on biomedical field. However, to achieve high efficiency of these devices, the storage of water molecules into these heterostructures, in order to maintain the biological molecules hydrated, is mandatory. Such hydrated environment may be achieved with lipids molecules which have the ability to rearrange spontaneously into vesicles creating a stable barrier between two aqueous compartments. Yet it is necessary to find conditions that lead to the immobilization of whole vesicles on the heterostructures. In this work, the conditions that govern the deposition of open and closed liposomes of 1.2-dipalmitoyl-sn-Glycero-3-[Phospho-rac-(1-glycerol)] (sodium Salt) (DPPG) onto polyelectrolytes cushions prepared by the layer-by-layer (LbL) method were analyzed. Electronic transitions of DPPG molecules as well as absorption coefficients were obtained by vacuum ultraviolet spectroscopy, while the elemental composition of the heterostructures was characterized by x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The presence of water molecules in the films was inferred by XPS and infrared spectroscopy. Quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) data analysis allowed to conclude that, in certain cases, the DPPG adsorbed amount is dependent of the bilayers number already adsorbed. Moreover, the adsorption kinetics curves of both adsorbed amount and surface roughness allowed to determine the kinetics parameters that are related with adsorption processes namely, electrostatic forces, liposomes diffusion and lipids re-organization on surface. Scaling exponents attained from atomic force microscopy images statistical analysis demonstrate that DPPG vesicles adsorption mechanism is ruled by the diffusion Villain model confirming that adsorption is governed by electrostatic forces. The power spectral density treatment enabled a thorough description of the accessible surface of the samples as well as of its inner structural properties. These outcomes proved that surface roughness influences the adsorption of DPPG liposomes onto surfaces covered by a polyelectrolyte layer. Thus, low roughness was shown to induce liposome rupture creating a lipid bilayer while high roughness allows the adsorption of whole liposomes. In addition, the fraction of open liposomes calculated from the normalized maximum adsorbed amounts decreases with the cushion roughness increase, allowing us to conclude that the surface roughness is a crucial variable that governs the adsorption of open or whole liposomes. This conclusion is fundamental for the development of well-designed sensors based on functional biomolecules incorporated in liposomes. Indeed, LbL films composed of polyelectrolytes and liposomes with and without melanin encapsulated were successfully applied to sensors of olive oil.