Transport mechanism in ionic liquid membranes and the study of thiomersal biodegradation

The initial goal of this work was the development of a supported liquid membrane (SLM) bioreactor for the remediation of vaccine production effluents contaminated with a highly toxic organomercurial – thiomersal. Therefore, two main aspects were focused on: 1) the development of a stable supported liquid membrane – using room temperature ionic liquids (RTILs) – for the selective transport of thiomersal from the wastewater to a biological compartment, 2) study of the biodegradation kinetics of thiomersal to metallic mercury by a Pseudomonas putida strain. The first part of the work focused on the evaluation of the physicochemical properties of ionic liquids and on the SLMs’ operational stability. The results obtained showed that, although it is possible to obtain a SLM with a high stability, water possesses nonnegligible solubility in the RTILs studied. The formation of water clusters inside the hydrophobic ionic liquid was identified and found to regulate the transport of water and small ions. In practical terms, this meant that, although it was possible to transport thiomersal from the vaccine effluent to the biological compartment, complete isolation of the microbial culture could not be guaranteed and the membrane might ultimately be permeable to other species present in the aqueous vaccine wastewater. It was therefore decided not to operate the initially targeted integrated system but, instead, the biological system by itself. Additionally, attention was given to the development of a thorough understanding of the transport mechanisms involved in the solubilisation and transport of water through supported liquid membranes with RTILs as well as to the evaluation of the effect of water uptake by the SLM in the transport mechanisms of water-soluble solutes and its effect on SLM performance. The results obtained highlighted the determinant role played by water – solubilised inside the ionic liquids – on the transport mechanism. It became clear that the transport mechanism of water and water-soluble solutes through SLMs with [CnMIM][PF6] RTILs was regulated by the dynamics of water clusters inside the RTIL, rather than by molecular diffusion through the bulk of the ionic liquid. Although the stability tests vi performed showed that there were no significant losses of organic phase from the membrane pores, the formation of water clusters inside the ionic liquid, which constitute new, non-selective environments for solute transport, leads to a clear deterioration of SLM performance and selectivity. Nevertheless, electrical impedance spectroscopy characterisation of the SLMs showed that the formation of water clusters did not seem to have a detrimental effect on the SLMs’ electrical characteristics and highlighted the potential of using this type of membranes in electrochemical applications with low resistance requirements. The second part of the work studied the kinetics of thiomersal degradation by a pure culture of P. putida spi3 strain, in batch culture and using a synthe tic wastewater. A continuous ly stirred tank reactor fed with the synthetic wastewater was also operated and the bioreactor’s performance and robustness, when exposed to thiomersal shock loads, were evaluated. Finally, a bioreactor for the biological treatment of a real va ccine production effluent was set up and operated at different dilution rates. Thus it was possible to treat a real thiomersal-contaminated effluent, lowering the outlet mercury concentration to values below the European limit for mercury effluent discharges.

Estudo Estratigráfico e Paleontológico do Jurássico do Algarve Ocidental

Algarve Province, Southern Portugal, corresponds in part to a meso-cenozoic basin running along the coast from Cabo S. Vicente to beyond Spanish border. Structurally it is a big monocline plunging southwards much deformed mainly by two East-West longitudinal flexures. Lithostratigraphical and chronostratigraphical studies dealt specially with Jurassic formations. This and the geological mapping of the post-Hercynian sedimentary formations allow us to define the following units: Triassic-Lower Liassic Arenitos de Silves (Silves sandstones sensu P. Choffat, pro parte) - At their base the Silves sandstones (0-150m) are represented mainly by cross-bedded red sandstones. This unit is Upper Triassic (Keuper) in age, on the evidence of some Brachiopoda. Complexo margo-carbonatado de Silves (Silves marl-limestone complex=Silves sandstones sensu P. Choffat, pro parte) (80-200m) overlies the preceding, it may be reported to the Upper Triassic-Hettangian. It consists of a thick pelite-marl-dolomite-limestone series with many intercalations of greenstones. Since no fossils were found it is not possible to conclude whether it is still Hettangian or if it does correspond, in the whole or in part, already to the Sinemurian. Liassic Dolomitos e calcários dolomíticos de Espiche (Espiche dolomite-rocks and dolomitic-limestones) - The usually massive and finely crystalline or saccharoidal dolomites and dolomitic-limestones are the toughest strata of the Algarve margin giving rise to several hills. Its thickness attains in certain points 60 metres at least. Based on geometry and on lithological similarities with the carbonated complex of the northern basin of Tagus river (Peniche, São Pedro de Muel, Quiaios), this formation can be accepted as Sinemurian in age. As it happens with the carbonated complex, here also the first dolomite beds are non-isochronal throughout the region; upper time-limit of the dolomitic facies is either Lower Carixian, Lower Toarcian or even Lower Dogger. The dolomitization is secondary but not much later than sedimentation. However, between Cabo S. Vicente-Vila do Bispo there is evidence of an even later secondary dolomitization related to the regional fault complex. Calcário dolomítico com nódulos de silex da praia de Belixe (Belixe beach dolomitic-limestone with silex nodules) (50-55m) - Ascribed to Lower or Middle Carixian on the basis of Platypleuroceras sp., Metaderoceras sp. nov. and M. gr. Venarense. Calcário cristalino compacto com Protogrammoceras, Fuciniceras e ? Argutarpites de Belixe (Belixe compact crystalline limestone with Protogrammoceras, Fuciniceras and ? Argutarpites) (30m) - Ascribed to Lower Domerian. Middle and Upper Domerian are indicated but by a single specimen of ? Argutarpites. Calcários margosos e margas com Dactylioceras semicelatum e Harpoceratídeos de Armação Nova (Armação Nova marly limestones and marls with D. semicelatum and Harpoceratidae) (25m) -Ascribed to Lower Toarcian. Middle and Upper Toarcian formations are not known in the Algarve. Dogger Calcários oolíticos, c. corálicos, c. pisolíticos, c. calciclásticos, c. dolomíticos e dolomitos de Almadena (Almadena oolitic-limestones, coral-reef-limestones, pisolite-limestones, limeclastic-limestones, dolomitic-limestones and dolomite-rocks) (more than 50 metres), with lagoonal facies. Ascribed to Aalenian-Bathonian-? Callovian. Margas acinzentadas e calcários detríticos com Zoophycos da praia de Mareta (Mareta beach greyish marls and detritical limestones with Zoophycos) (40m) - Pelagic transreef facies with Upper Bajocian and Bathonian ammonites. Calcários margosos e margas da praia de Mareta (Mareta beach pelagic marly-limestones and marls) (110m) - Ascribed to the Callovian on its ammonites. Malm Near Cabo S. Vicente and Sagres the first Upper Jurassic level consists of a yellowish-brown nodular, compact, locally phosphated and ferruginous, sometimes conglomeratic, marly limestone (0,35-1,50m) containing a rich macrofauna, which includes: 1) Callovian forms unknown at Lower Oxfordian; 2) Upper Callovian forms that still survived in Lower and Middle Oxfordian; 3) Lower Oxfordian forms (Mariae and Cordatum Zones); 4) Lower and Middle Oxfordian forms (Mariae to Plicatilis Zone); 5) Middle Oxfordian forms (plicatilis Zone), and some ones appearing in Middle Oxfordian. This condensed deposit is therefore dated from Middle Oxfordian (Plicatilis Zone). The other Upper Jurassic lithostratigraphical units were also mapped but their detailed study is not presented in this work. Correlations between lithostratigraphical and chronostratigraphical scales from P. Choffat, J. Pratsch, C. Palain and from the author are stated. Further correlations are attempted between zonc scales of Carixian-Lower Toarcian and Upper Bajocian-Middle Oxfordian of France, Spain (Asturias, Iberian and Betic Chains), Argel (Orania) and Portugal (northern Tagus basin and Algarve). The study of pyritous fossil assemblages common in Upper Bathonian-Lower Callovian marly levels of the praia da Mareta seems to suggest that these sediments were deposited in a bay or in an almost closed coastal re-entrance virtually without deep water circulation. Although such conditions may occur at any depth one may suppose that these ones actually correspond to an infralittoral neritic environment. The thaphocoenosis collected there are almost entirely composed of nektonic (ammonites, Belemnites) and planktonic (Bositra) faunas. The sedentary (crinoids, brachiopods) or free (sea-urchins, gastropods) epibenthonic forms are very scarce; endobenthonic forms are not known. The palaeontological study of all Nautiloids and Ammonoids of the Liassic and Dogger is presented (except Kosmoceratidae and Perisphinctaceae). Among the thirty one taxa dealt with, one is new (Metaderoceras sp. nov.) and the great majority of the others has been identified for the first time in Algarve. Some others have never been reported before in Portuguese formations. The evolution, during Jurassic times, of the sedimentary basins of the Portuguese plate margin is described. The absence of Cephalopods in the very extensive marly and dolomitic limestones, partly marine, suggests that, during Lower Liassic, palaeogeography underwent no great changes. Dolomitic-limestone with silex nodules from Cabo S. Vicente contain the first ammonites recorded at the base of the Middle Liassic. This facies, although very common in Tethys, is unknown north of the Tagus. The faunal assemblage has a mediterranean to submediterranean character. Comparisons between faunal assemblage" from Algarve with the ones known north of the Tagus show that communications between Boreal Europe and Tethys, virtually non-existent during Lower and Middle Carixian, became very easy during Lower Domerian. In earlier Pliensbachian times two distinct seas were adjacent to the Iberian plate. One, an epicontinental sea with a tethyan fauna, extended southwards from the Meseta margin. Another, was a boreal sea; during its transgressive episodes boreal faunas attained into the basin north of the Tagus. During Middle Carixian and Lower Domerian, owing to simultaneous transgressions, these two seas joined together allowing faunal exchanges along the epicontinental areas which limited the emerging hercynian chains belts. During Liassic, the Algarve belonged undoubtedly to the tethyan submediterranean province. The area north of the Tagus, on the contrary, was a complex realm where subboreal and tethyan affinities alternatively prevailed. In the Algarve the first Middle Jurassic deposits do frequently show lateral thickness reductions as well as unconformities contemporaneous with other generalized disturbances on the sedimentation processes in other parts of Europe. By this time, near Sagres, a barrier reef developed separating lagoonal or ante-reef facies from the transreef pelagic zone. The presence of tethyan fauna, the abundance of Phylloceratidae and the absence of boreal forms allow us to consider the Algarve basin as a submediterranean province. The presence of Callovian pelagic fossiliferous formations in the Loulé area shows that during Middle Jurassic the marl-limestone transreef sedimentation was not confined to the western Algarve. They would extend eastwards where they only can be seen in the core of some anticlines. This is due to the progressive sinking of the meso-cenozoic formations as we proceed towards the South of the Sagres-Algoz-Querença flexure. In the whole of the Peninsule, and as for the Middle Callovian, an important regression can be clearly recognized on the evidence of an erosion surface which strikes obliquely the Middle and Upper Callovian strata. The geographic boundaries of the different faunal provinces are not changed by the presence of many Kosmoceratidae in the phosphate nodules since they are but a minority in comparison with the tethyan forms. An abstract model can be constructed showing that in Western Europe the Kosmoceratidae may have migrated South and westwards through a channel of the sea that linked Paris basin to Poitou and Aquitaine. By migrating between the Iberian meseta and the Armorican massif this fauna reached northern Tagus basin at the beginning of Upper Callovian (Athleta Zone); this south and southwest bound migration would have proceeded, allowing such forms to reach Algarve basin only in latest Callovian times (Lamberti Zone). This migration means that during Middle Jurassic a widely spread North Atlantic sea would exist, flooding the western part of Portugal up to the Poitou.

Âges K-Ar de glauconites des environs de Luz de Tavira, Algarve

Glauconite K-Ar ages (6.88±0.4; 7.03±0.4 MY) confirm earlier reports to Upper Tortonian of silt beds near Morgadinho, Luz de Tavira and Tavira. Taking stratigraphical position and age into account it is possible now to correlate these beds with similar ones at Quelfes and Cacela (Formação de Cacela, lower member, ascribed to the upper part of N16 or to NI7 Blow's zone, Globorotalia humerosa - G. dutertrei; Tortonian to Messinian, according to the ostracod fauna). Limit between the above quoted zones is thus placed at about 7 MY. New K-Ar ages greatly improve the knowledge about Upper Miocene in eastern Algarve, and on regional tectonic evolution. This is particulary so in what concerns an intra-Tortonian phase.

Paleolítico médio e superior em Portugal: datas 14C, estado actual dos conhecimentos,síntese e duscussão

New radiocarbon measurements were obtained from middle and upper Paleolithic sites currently under research by the CEPUNL, in well defined stratigraphical situations. With other dates, they yield an approximative chronological global view. Measurement distribution in function of time does not seem to be an hazardous one. In the actual status of our knowledge, this distribution seems to fit in some assemblages: (a) 14000 to 15000 BP, Solutrean; (b) about 20 000 BP, Solutrean; (c) circa 25 000 BP, already Solutrean, and slightly older than 26 000 BP, still Mousterian; (d) between 29 000 and 31 000 BP, Mousterian. The persistance of Mousterian much later than its acknowledged upper limit at about 34 000 BP (and hence the survival of its neanderthalian authors) is demonstrated. For the first time it has been possible to ascertain the upper time limit of the marine 5-8 metres raised beach (Tyrrhenian III) at Serra da Arrábida, and also the age of archaeological sites without stone artifacts, or with uncharacteristic ones. The obtained measurements allow US to correlate localities and sedimentary units with last glaciation events. There seems to have been a distinct correlation between cave and shelter human occupation and events marked by the worsening of climate.

Water treatments in semi-closed cooling circuits and their impact on the quality of effluents discharged by CERN

Dissertação apresentada à Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia da Universidade Nova de Lisboa para obtenção do grau de Mestre em Engenharia do Ambiente, Gestão de Sistemas Ambientais

Water treatments in semi-closed cooling circuits and their impact on the quality of effluents discharged by CERN

Mestrado integrado em Engenharia do Ambiente, perfil: Gestão de Sistemas Ambientais

QED and relativistic corrections in superheavy elements

In this paper we review the different relativistic and QED contributions to energies, ionic radii, transition probabilities and Landé g-factors in super-heavy elements, with the help of the MultiConfiguration Dirac-Fock method (MCDF). The effects of taking into account the Breit interaction to all orders by including it in the self-consistent field process are demonstrated. State of the art radiative corrections are included in the calculation and discussed. We also study the non-relativistic limit of MCDF calculation and find that the non-relativistic offset can be unexpectedly large.

A gestão dos resíduos hospitalares e o papel da autoridade de saúde : caso do concelho da Amad

RESUMO O Problema. A natureza, diversidade e perigosidade dos resíduos hospitalares (RH) exige procedimentos específicos na sua gestão. A sua produção depende do número de unidades de prestação de cuidados de saúde (upcs), tipo de cuidados prestados, número de doentes observados, práticas dos profissionais e dos órgãos de gestão das upcs, inovação tecnológica, entre outros. A gestão integrada de RH tem evoluído qualitativamente nos últimos anos. Existe uma carência de informação sobre os quantitativos de RH produzidos nas upcs e na prestação de cuidados domiciliários, em Portugal. Por outro lado, os Serviços de Saúde Pública, abrangendo o poder de Autoridade de Saúde, intervêm na gestão do risco para a saúde e o ambiente associado à produção de RH, necessitando de indicadores para a sua monitorização. O quadro legal de um país nesta matéria estabelece a estratégia de gestão destes resíduos, a qual é condicionada pela classificação e definição de RH por si adoptadas. Objectivos e Metodologias. O presente estudo pretende: quantificar a produção de RH resultantes da prestação de cuidados de saúde, em seres humanos e animais nas upcs, do sistema público e privado, desenvolvendo um estudo longitudinal, onde se quantifica esta produção nos Hospitais, Centros de Saúde, Clínicas Médicas e Dentárias, Lares para Idosos, Postos Médicos de Empresas, Centros de Hemodiálise e Clínicas Veterinárias do Concelho da Amadora, e se compara esta produção em dois anos consecutivos; analisar as consequências do exercício do poder de Autoridade de Saúde na gestão integrada de RH pelas upcs; quantificar a produção média de RH, por acto prestado, nos cuidados domiciliários e, com um estudo analítico transversal, relacionar essa produção média com as características dos doentes e dos tratamentos efectuados; proceder à análise comparativa das definições e classificações de RH em países da União Europeia, através de um estudo de revisão da legislação nesta matéria em quatro países, incluindo Portugal. Resultados e Conclusões. Obtém-se a produção média de RH, por Grupos I+II, III e IV: nos Hospitais, por cama.dia, considerando a taxa de ocupação; por consulta, nos Centros de Saúde, Clínicas Médicas e Dentárias e Postos Médicos de Empresas; por cama.ano, nos Lares para Idosos, considerando a sua taxa de ocupação; e por ano, nas Clínicas de Hemodiálise e Veterinárias. Verifica-se que a actuação da Autoridade de Saúde, produz nas upcs uma diferença estatisticamente significativa no aumento das contratualizações destas com os operadores de tratamento de RH. Quantifica-se o peso médio de resíduos dos Grupos III e IV produzido por acto prestado nos tratamentos domiciliários e relaciona-se esta variável dependente com as características dos doentes e dos tratamentos efectuados. Comparam-se os distintos critérios utilizados na elaboração das definições e classificações destes resíduos inscritas na legislação da Alemanha, Reino Unido, Espanha e Portugal. Recomendações. Apresentam-se linhas de investigação futura e propõe-se uma reflexão sobre eventuais alterações de aspectos específicos no quadro legal português e nos planos de gestão integrada de RH, em Portugal. ABSTRACT The problem: The nature, diversity and hazardousness of hospital wastes (HW) requires specific procedures in its management. Its production depends on the number and patterns of healthcare services, number of patients, professional and administration practices and technologic innovations, among others. Integrated management of HW has been developping, in the scope of quality, for the past few years. There is a lack of information about the amount of HW produced in healthcare units and in the domiciliary visits, in Portugal. On the other hand, the Public Health Services, embracing the Health Authority’s power, play a very important role in managing the risk of HW production to public and environmental health. They need to use some indicators in its monitorization. In a country, rules and regulations define hospital waste management policies, which are confined by the addopted classification and definition of HW. Goals and Methods: This research study aims to quantify the production of HW as a result of healthcare services in human beings and animals, public service and private one. Through a longitudinal study, this production is quantified in Hospitals, Health Centers, Medical and Dental Clinics, Residential Centers for old people, Companies Medical Centers and Veterinary and Haemodyalisis Clinics in Amadora’s Council, comparing this production in two consecutive years. This study also focus the consequences of the Health Authority’s role in the healthcare services integrated management of HW. The middle production of HW in the domiciliary treatments is also quantified and, with a transversal analytic study, its association with patients and treatments’ characteristics is enhanced. Finally, the definitions and classifications in the European Union Countries are compared through a study that revises this matter’s legislation in four countries, including Portugal. Results and Conclusions: We get the middle production of Groups I+II, III and IV: HW: in Hospitals, by bed.day, bearing the occupation rate; by consultation, in Health Centers, Medical and Dental Clinics and Companies Medical Centers; by bed.year in Residential Centers for old people, considering their occupation rate; by year, in Veterinary and Haemodyalisis Clinics. We verify that the Health Authority’s role produces a significative statistical difference in the rise of the contracts between healthcare services and HW operators. We quantify the Groups III and IV’s wastes middle weight, produced by each medical treatment in domiciliary visits and relate this dependent variable with patients and treatments’ characteristics. We compare the different criteria used in the making of definitions and classifications of these wastes registered in German, United Kingdom, Spain and Portugal’s laws. Recommendations: Lines of further investigation are explaned. We also tender a reflexion about potential changes in rules, in regulations and in the integrated plans for managing hospital wastes in Portugal. RÉSUMÉ Le Problème. La gestion des déchets d'activités hospitalières (DAH) et de soins de santé (DSS) exige des procédures spécifiques en raison de leur nature, diversité et dangerosité. Leur production dépend, parmi d’autres, du nombre d’unités de soins de santé (USS), du type de soins administrés, du nombre de malades observés, des pratiques des professionnels et des organes de gestion des USS, de l’innovation technologique. La gestion intégrée des DAH et des DSS subit une évolution qualitative dans les dernières années. Il existe un déficit d’information sur les quantitatifs de DAH et de DSS provenant des USS et de la prestation de soins domiciliaires, au Portugal. D’autre part les Services de Santé Publique, y compris le pouvoir de l’Autorité de Santé, qui interviennent dans la gestion du risque pour la santé et pour l’environnement associé à la production de DAH et de DSS, ont besoin d’indicateurs pour leur surveillance. Dans cette matière le cadre légal établit la stratégie de gestion de ces déchets, laquelle est conditionnée par la classification et par la définition des DAH et des DSS adoptées par le pays. Objectifs et Méthodologie. Cet étude prétend: quantifier la production de DAH et de DSS provenant de la prestation de soins de santé, en êtres humains et animaux dans les USS du système public et privé. À travers un étude longitudinal, on quantifie cette production dans les Hôpitaux, Centres de Santé, Cliniques Médicales et Dentaires, Maisons de Repos pour personnes âgées, Cabinets Médicaux d’ Entreprises, Centres d’Hémodialyse et Cliniques Vétérinaires du municipe d’ Amadora, en comparant cette production en deux ans consécutifs; analyser les conséquences de l’exercice du pouvoir de l’Autorité de Santé dans la gestion intégrée des DAH et des DSS par les USS; quantifier la production moyenne de DAH et de DSS dans la prestation de soins domiciliaires et, avec un étude analytique transversal, rapporter cette production moyenne avec les caractéristiques des malades et des soins administrés; procéder à l’ analyse comparative des définitions et classifications des DAH et des DSS dans des pays de l’Union Européenne, à travers un étude de révision de la législation relative à cette matière dans quatre pays, Portugal y compris. Résultats et Conclusions. On obtient la production moyenne de DAH et des DSS, par Classes I+II, III et IV: dans les hôpitaux, par lit.jour, en considérant le taux d’occupation; par consultation, dans les Centres de Santé, Cliniques Médicales et Dentaires et Cabinets Médicaux d’ Entreprises par lit.an dans les Maisons de Repos pour personnes âgées en considérant le taux d’occupation; et par an, dans les Cliniques d’Hémodialyse et Vétérinaires. On constate que l’actuation de l’Autorité de Santé produit dans les USS une différence statistiquement significative dans l’accroissement de leurs contractualisations avec les opérateurs de traitement de DAH et de DSS. On quantifie le poids moyen des déchets des Classes III et IV produit par acte de prestation de soins à domicile et on rapporte cette variable dépendante avec les caractéristiques des malades et des soins administrés. On compare les différents critères utilisés dans l’élaboration des définitions et des classifications de ces déchets inscrites dans la légis

Production of recombinant protein hLIF in static and dynamic systems of animal cell culture

Thesis for the Degree of Master of Science in Biotechnology Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia

Non-volatile analysis in fruits by laser resonant ionization spectrometry: application to resveratrol (3,5,4 -trihydroxystilbene) in grapes

Applied Physics B Lasers and Optics, vol.71

Paleolítico médio e superior em Portugal: datas 14C, estado actual dos conhecimentos, síntese e discussão

New radiocarbon measurements were obtained from middle and upper Paleolithic sites currendy under research by the CEPUNL, in well defined stratigraphical situations. With other dates, they yield an approximative chronological global view. Measurement dístribution in function of time does not seem to be an hazardous one. ln the actual status of our knowledge, this distribution seems to fit in some assemblages: (a) 14000 to 15000 BP, Solurrean ; (b) about 20 000 BP, Solurrean ; (e) area 25 000 BP, already Solurrean, and slightly older than 26 000 BP, still Mousterian ; (d) between 29 000 and 31 000 BP, Mousterian. The persistance of Mousterian much later than its acknowledged upper limit at about 34 000 BP (and hence the survival of its neanderthalian authors) is demonstrated. For the first time it has been possible to ascertain the upper time limit of the marine 5-8 metres raised beach (Tyrrhenian III) at Serra da Arrábida, and also the age of archaeological sires wirhout srone arrifacts, or with uncharacteristic ones. The obtained measurements allow us to correlate localities and sedimentary units with last glaciation events. There seems to have been a distinct correlation between cave and shelter human occupation and events marked by the worsening of climate.

Ostracodes; witnesses of the Plio-Quaternary boundary in the North Eastern Atlantic preliminary results

Proceedings of the 1" R.C.A.N.S. Congress, Lisboa, October 1992

The marine Neogene of Eastern Venezuela : a preliminary report

Proceedings of tile 1" R.C.A.N.S. Congress, Lisboa, October 1992

Saúde mental, qualidade de vida e acesso aos cuidados de saúde na comunidade brasileira de Lisboa

Introdução: A utilização de serviços de saúde tem implicações importantes para o estado de saúde das populações. As políticas de imigração adoptadas nos países de destino têm influência no estado de saúde das comunidades imigrantes. Políticas que limitam o acesso de imigrantes aos cuidados de saúde aumentarão a vulnerabilidade e os riscos na saúde. Apesar da imigração promover uma série de rupturas na vida do sujeito, migrar, por si só, não pode ser considerado como factor de risco no âmbito da saúde e da saúde mental. O peso dos determinantes socioeconómicos tem ganho relevância no estudo das migrações, estado de saúde geral e mental. Isto porque, em geral, os imigrantes estão em situação mais precária do que a população autóctone. O estatuto socioeconómico baixo, as condições precárias de habitação e de trabalho, a falta de suporte social e a irregularidade jurídica são indicadores de risco acrescido para a saúde mental. Neste sentido é um desafio de monta os governos estabelecerem medidas sustentadas e, simultaneamente, integradoras dos imigrantes. Em Portugal, considera-se que há escassez de estudos relacionados com a área das migrações e da saúde.Metodologia: Estudo exploratório, descritivo e transversal. A finalidade foi a de identificar o estado de saúde, saúde mental e qualidade de vida da comunidade brasileira residente em Lisboa e o seu acesso aos serviços de saúde. Este estudo teve como principais objectivos a caracterização sociodemográfica, a identificação de variáveis inerentes ao processo migratório, a identificação da auto-apreciação do estado de saúde, a caracterização do acesso aos cuidados de saúde, a identificação do grupo em provável sofrimento psicológico, a comparação entre os resultados dos imigrantes juridicamente regulares e irregulares e a comparação entre a população imigrante e a população portuguesa. Inicialmente, foi prevista a utilização da técnica de amostragem de propagação geométrica ou snowball, pois a amostra tornar-se-ia maior à medida que os próprios inquiridos identificam outros potenciais respondentes. Ao longo do estudo, a metodologia inicial mostrou-se insuficiente para estabelecer uma amostra mais representativa dos imigrantes juridicamente irregulares. Para este feito, foi utilizada a metodologia de amostragem por conveniência e o local escolhido para a recolha da amostra foi o Consulado do Brasil em Lisboa. O instrumento de recolha de dados empregue baseou-se no questionário utilizado no 4º Inquérito Nacional de Saúde. O MHI-5 (Mental Health Index 5) é um instrumento de saúde mental e é parte integrante do inquérito, sendo recomendado pela Organização Mundial de Saúde. Consta de cinco itens relativos à saúde mental e os resultados são classificados através de um indicador que mede a existência de provável sofrimento psicológico. Foram incluídos no estudo 213 brasileiros. De seguida, procedeu-se ao tratamento estatístico dos dados. Resultados: A população inquirida é jovem, a maior parte tem entre 18 e 44 anos. As mulheres representam mais de metade da amostra. A taxa de actividade é elevada e a taxa de desemprego é similar à nacional. A inserção laboral prioritária é nos segmentos pouco qualificados ou de semi-qualificação. Aproximadamente um terço dos inquiridos afirmou ser beneficiário do Sistema Nacional de Saúde. A autoapreciação do estado de saúde é classificada como bastante positiva, assim como a qualidade de vida. O provável sofrimento psicológico, definido no MHI-5 pelo ponto de corte no score 52, atinge 23,3% dos participantes. Os homens apresentam melhores resultados do que as mulheres. Além disso, para os valores mais baixos no MHI-5 foram encontradas relações com as longas jornadas de trabalho e o diagnóstico de doença crónica.Discussão: O presente estudo apresenta limitações em relação à dimensão da amostra e à provável existência de enviesamento pela ausência de aleatorização. Apesar da legislação portuguesa garantir o acesso aos serviços de saúde e garantir a equidade no caso dos imigrantes que fazem descontos para a Segurança Social, apenas um terço referiu ser beneficiário do Sistema Nacional de Saúde. Este dado pode ser justificado por factores como o cumprimento da lei por alguns serviços e, também, pela falta de conhecimento da legislação e da forma de funcionamento do Serviço Nacional de Saúde por parte dos imigrantes. O facto das mulheres representarem o maior grupo em provável sofrimento psicológico é consistente com a literatura. As hipóteses levantadas para explicar este resultado podem ser agrupadas em: artefactos metodológicos, causalidade biológica e determinação social. Em relação ao instrumento, é possível que o MHI-5 se comporte de forma diferente no que diz respeito ao género.-------------------------------------------Introduction: The utilization of health services has important implications for the health state of the populations. The immigration policies adopted in the destiny countries are going to influence the health state of immigrant communities. Policies that limit the access of immigrants to health care are going to increase the vulnerability and the risk factor in health. Although immigration promotes several disruptive actions in ones life, migrating, on its own, cannot be considered as a risk factor for health and mental health. The preponderance of the socioeconomic factors has gained relevance in the study of migrations and also in the study of general health state and mental health. This happens because, in general, immigrants are in a more unfavorable situation compared with the destiny country population. The low socioeconomic status, the poor working and housing conditions, the lack of social support and the juridical irregularity are indicators of the incremented risk to mental health. Therefore, it is a major challenge for governments to find sustainable, and simultaneously, integrative measures for the immigrants. The studies related with the migrations and health in Portugal were considered to be few.Methods: It is an exploratory, descriptive and transversal study. The purpose is to identify the health state, mental health, quality of life and the access to health care of the Brazilian community resident in Lisbon. In addition, this study has as main goals the sociodemographic characterization, the variables identification inherent to the migrating process, the identification of the self-appreciation of health state, the characterization of the access to health care, the identification of the group in probable psychological suffer, the comparison between the results of regular and irregular immigrants and the comparison between the immigrant population and the Portuguese population. Initially it was predicted the utilization of the geometric propagation or “snowball”, as sampling technique, because the sample becomes larger as one answerer identify other potential answering persons. Along with the study, the methodology has shown insufficient to establish a more representative sample of the irregular immigrants. For this latter case, it was used a convenient sample methodology and the place chosen for the sample gathering was the “Consulate of Brazil in Lisbon”. The instrument was based in the questionnaire used in the “4th National Health Inquiry”. The MHI-5 (Mental Health Index 5) is a mental health instrument which is part of the enquiry and it is recommended by the World Health Organization. There are five items related to mental health and the results are classified through an indicator which measures the existence of a probable psychological suffer. It were included 213 Brazilian in the study. After, the statistical treatment of the data took place.Results: The answering population is young and the majority is between the 18 and 44 years of age. The women represent more than one half of the sample. The activity rate is high and the unemployment rate is similar to the national one. The priority labor insertion is in the few qualified or of semi-qualification segments. Approximately, one third of the answering people has stated to be beneficiary of the National Health System. The self-appreciation of the health state as well as the quality of life are classified as fairly positive ones. The probable psychological suffer, as defined in the MHI-5 through the cut point in the score below or equal to 52, reaches 23,3% of the sample population. Men show the better results than women. Further, for the lower values of MHI-5 it was found a relation with the long work periods and chronic disease diagnostic. Discussion: The present study evidences limitations in relation to the sample dimension and in relation to the existence of biases due to the lack of randomness. Although the Portuguese legislation guarantees the access to health services and the equality in the cases of the immigrants that do their Social Security discounts, only one third has mentioned to be beneficiary of the National Health System. This can be justified by several facts such as the non-fulfillment of law by some national services or the lack of knowledge of the legislation or the functioning process of the National Health System. Women representing the bigger group in probable psychological suffer has been coherent with the literature review. The hypothesis set to explain this result might be grouped in: methodological artifacts, biologic cause and social determination. In relation to the instrument used, it may be that MHI-5 behaves in a different way in respect to gender.

A conceptual model for sheet-flow drawn from rapid granular flow theories

33rd IAHR Congress: Water Engineering for a Sustainable Environment