56 resultados para stress des soignants
Resumo:
Resumo: Os profissionais de sade podem estar expostos a vrios factores indutores de stress crnico nomeadamente de natureza profissional destacando-se, entre os seus possveis efeitos, a diminuio da resposta de anticorpos aps administrao de vacinas, entre as quais, a vacina contra a gripe. Uma vez que os trabalhadores da sade esto expostos a factores indutores de stress e, simultaneamente, a agentes biolgicos cujos efeitos podero ser prevenidos pela vacinao, pertinente estudar a influncia do stress na resposta imunitria vacina contra a gripe em enfermeiros. Constituram objectivos deste trabalho: (1) estudar a associao entre a presena de stress crnico em enfermeiros hospitalares e a insuficiente resposta imunitria vacina contra a gripe, avaliada um ms aps a vacinao (T1); (2) estudar a associao entre a presena de stress crnico em enfermeiros hospitalares e a reduo dos ttulos de anticorpos dirigidos s hemaglutininas seis meses aps a vacinao (T6) e (3) identificar algumas caractersticas das unidades de internamento e do trabalho dos participantes que possam estar associadas presena de stress crnico e estudar a sua possvel associao com a resposta imunitria vacina contra a gripe. Realizou-se um estudo caso-controlo incorporado num estudo de coortes e a amostra em estudo foi constituda por 136 enfermeiros saudveis (83,8% sexo feminino; mdia de idades de 33anos) de um hospital universitrio. Realizaram-se entrevistas individuais e aplicaram-se as verses portuguesas dos questionrios The General Health Questionnaire (GHQ12) e Maslach Burnout Inventory Human Services Survey (MBI-HSS) para determinao da presena de stress crnico pelo mtodo da triangulao, no incio do estudo (T0) e realizou-se a recolha de dados relativos caracterizao de elementos de trabalho nas unidades de internamento. Foi administrada a vacina contra a gripe e determinou-se os ttulos de anticorpos dirigidos s hemaglutininas de cada estirpe componentes da vacina contra a gripe utilizada em 2007, antes da vacinao, um ms e seis meses aps a vacinao. No se encontrou associao, ao nvel de significncia de 5%, entre a presena de stress e a insuficiente resposta vacina contra a gripe, avaliada pela taxa de indivduos que apresentaram um aumento, ao fim de um ms, inferior a quatro vezes os ttulos de anticorpos antes da vacinao. No entanto, encontrou-se uma maior proporo de indivduos com stress no grupo de participantes em que ocorreu uma diminuio do ttulo de anticorpos dirigidos hemaglutinina AH1 (ac AH1) em T6, quando comparado com o respectivo grupo controlo. A diferena entre grupos foi estatisticamente significativa, quando se avaliou a presena de stress pelo mtodo da triangulao usando a entrevista (p=0,006), pelo mtodo da triangulao usando o GHQ12 (p=0,045) e ainda usando a combinao dos trs critrios (p=0,001). Aps anlise multivariada, verificou-se que a associao entre a presena de XXVI stress e a reduo dos ac AH1 em T6 manteve significado estatstico (respectivamente, p= 0,010, p= 0,042 e p=0,002) e apresentou odds ratio ajustados, em funo de cada um dos mtodos de avaliao da presena de stress, de 3,643, de 2,733 e de 5,223. A quantidade de trabalho percepcionada como sobrecarga constituiu o factor indutor de stress mais vezes referido (58,8% da amostra e 61,8% dos enfermeiros de unidades de internamento), seguida dos conflitos entre profissionais. O contacto com o sofrimento e a morte de doentes foram identificados em quarto lugar pela amostra, mas em segundo pelos enfermeiros de unidades de internamento. Nesses, verificou-se uma associao positiva entre trabalhar em Servios onde o nmero de doentes falecidos foi muito elevado e a presena de stress, medido pelo mtodo da triangulao usando a entrevista (p=0,039), usando o GHQ12 (p=0,019), usando a escala de exausto emocional do MBI-HSS (p=0,012) e pela combinao dos trs mtodos (p=0,014). Verificou-se tambm uma associao positiva entre a presena de stress, identificada pelo mtodo da triangulao usando a escala de exausto emocional do MBI-HSS, e o trabalho em servios de internamento onde a percentagem de doentes idosos (p=0,025) e a taxa de letalidade (p=0,036) foram elevadas. Contudo, no se encontrou associao entre a exposio muito frequente ao sofrimento e morte de doentes e a reduo do ttulo de ac AH1 em T6. Possivelmente, a exposio a esse factor indutor de stress, apesar de estar relacionada com a presena de stress nos enfermeiros de servios de internamento, no foi suficientemente intenso para, por si s, estar associada reduo do ttulo de ac AH1 em T6. A associao encontrada entre a presena de stress crnico e a reduo do ttulo de anticorpos AH1 em T6 vem apoiar a resposta questo de investigao inicialmente colocada de que o stress poder influenciar negativamente a manuteno dos ttulos de anticorpos, mesmo em indivduos adultos no idosos. Assim, o risco de um enfermeiro com stress apresentar reduo do ttulo de anticorpos dirigidos hemaglutinina da estirpe AH1N1 A/Solomon Islands/3/2006 ao fim dos seis meses do estudo, foi 3,6, 2,7 ou 5,2 vezes superior ao de um enfermeiro sem stress, consoante o critrio de stress ter sido determinado, respectivamente, pelo mtodo da triangulao usando a entrevista, pelo mtodo da triangulao utilizando o GHQ12 ou pela combinao dos trs critrios. Summary: Health workers may be exposed to various factors causing chronic stress namely those related directly to their activity, in particular the decrease in the capacity of the response of antibodies after the administration of the vaccines, amongst others the Influenza vaccine. Since health workers are exposed to factors causing stress and at the same time biological agents, whose effects may be prevented through vaccination, it is important to study the influence of stress in the immunity response to the Influenza vaccine on nurses. The aims of this study are: (1) to examine the relation between chronic stress in hospital nurses and the insufficient immunity response to the Influenza vaccine, assessed at one month after vaccination (T1); (2) to examine the relation between chronic stress in hospital nurses and the decrease of the hemagglutinin titles of antibodies six months after vaccination (T6); (3) to identify some characteristics of internment units and the work of the participants that may be related to the presence of chronic stress and to study its possible relation with the immunity response to the Influenza vaccine. A control-case study, integrated in a coortes study, was carried out and the sample under analysis consisted of 136 healthy nurses (83,8% female; average age 33 years old) from a university hospital. Several individual interviews were conducted and the portuguese versions of General Health Questionnaire (GHQ12) and Maslach Burnout Inventory Human Services Survey (MBI-HSS) was applied in order to determine the presence of chronic stress, using the triangulation method at the beginning of the study (T0). Data concerning the particular features of the internment units was collected. The Influenza vaccine was administered and the titles of hemagglutinin antibodies of each strain composing the Influenza vaccine used in 2007, before vaccination, and a month and six months after vaccination, were determined. There was no statistically relevant (5%) relation between stress and the insufficient immune response to the Influenza vaccine, according to the rate of individuals that showed, after a month, a level of antibodies concentration lower than four times the level prior to the vaccination. Nevertheless, there was a greater number of individuals with stress in the group of participants in which there was a decrease of the hemagglutinin titles of antibodies AH1 (ac AH1) in T6, when compared to the control group under study. The difference between groups was statistically relevant when assessing the presence of stress by triangulation method using the interview (p=0,006), by triangulation method using the GHQ12 (p=0,045) and by the combination of the three criteria (p=0,001). After multivariate analysis, it was verified that the XXVIII relation between the presence of stress and the reduction of the ac AH1 in T6 was statistically relevant (respectively, p= 0,010, p= 0,042 and p=0,002) and the odds ratio were, according to each of the methods used to assess the presence of stress, 3,643, 2,733 and 5,223. Overwork was the most emphasised stress-causing factor (58,8% of the sample and 61,8% of the nurses working in the Internment Units), followed by conflicts arousing among co-workers. Witnessing the suffering and death of patients was ranked as the fourth cause of stress, but the second by the nurses of the internment units. The former revealed a positive connection between working in the services, where there was a high rate of deaths, and the presence of stress, when assessing the presence of stress by triangulation method using the interview (p=0,039), the GHQ12 (p=0,019), the MBI-HSS emotional exhaustion scale (p=0,012) and by the combination of the three criteria (p=0,014).There was also a connection between the presence of stress, identified by the method of triangulation using the MBI-HSS emotional exhaustion scale, and working in the internment units, where the percentage of elderly people (p=0,025) and the mortality rate (p=0,036) were high. However, there was no connection between frequent exposure to suffering and death in patients and the reduction of ac AH1 titles, in T6. Although one can establish a connection between stress in nurses working in the internment units and the aforementioned stress-causing factor, the exposure to that factor was not, per se, intense enough to reduce the ac AH1 title in T6. The relation found between the presence of chronic stress and the reduction of AH1 antibodies titles in T6, corroborates the hypothesis that stress can negatively influence the title of antibodies, even in non-elderly adults. Thus, and according to the criteria used to define stress, by the triangulation method using the interview, by the triangulation method using the GHQ12 or the combination of the three criteria respectively, the risk of a nurse suffering from stress showing a reduction in the title of hemagglutinin antibodies for the strain AH1N1 A/Solomon Islands/3/2006 six-month after Influenza vaccine was 3,6, 2,7 or 5,2 times greater than on a nurse suffering from no stress at all. Rsum: Les professionnels de la sant peuvent tre exposs diffrents facteurs inducteurs de stress chronique de nature professionnelle. On remarque, parmi les effets possibles, une baisse de la rponse des anticorps aprs ladministration de vaccins, comme en particulier, le vaccin de la grippe. Lorsque les professionnels de la sant ont t exposs des facteurs inducteurs de stress, et de manire simultane, des agents biologiques dont les effets pourront tre prvenus par la vaccination, il est pertinent dtudier linfluence du stress dans la rponse immunitaire au vaccin de la grippe chez les infirmiers. Ils ont constitu des objectifs dtudes et de discussion : (1) tudier lassociation entre la prsence de stress chronique chez les infirmiers, en milieu hospitalier, et la insuffisant rponse immunitaire au vaccin de la grippe, vrifie un mois aprs la vaccination (T1); (2) tudier lassociation entre la prsence de stress chronique chez les infirmiers, en milieu hospitalier, et la rduction de la teneur des anticorps dirig la hmaglutinina six mois aprs la vaccination (T6) (3) identifier certaines caractristiques des units dinternement, et tudier les aspects du travail des participants, qui puissent tre associe la prsence de stress chronique et tudier sa possible association avec la rponse immunitaire au vaccin de la grippe. Une tude cas-contrle incorpore dans une tude de groupe a t ralise et un chantillon, pour tude, a t constitu par 136 infirmiers sains (83,8% de sexe fminin, ge moyen 33 ans) travaillant dans un hpital universitaire. Des entretiens individuels ont t raliss et les versions portugaises des questionnaires de General Health Questionnaire (GHQ12) et Maslach Burnout Inventory- Human Service Survey (MBI-HSS) ont t utiliss pour dterminer la prsence de stress chronique grce la mthode de triangulation, au dbut de ltude (T0) et un relev de donnes relatives la caractrisation dlments de travail dans les units dinternement a t fait. Le vaccin de la grippe a t administr et les teneurs en anticorps dirigs aux hmaglutininas de chaque composant du vaccin de la grippe pour 2007 ont t dtermins, avant la vaccination et un mois et six mois aprs. On na pas trouv dassociation, un niveau significatif de au moins 5%, entre la prsence de stress et la insuffisant rponse au vaccin de la grippe, value par le taux dindividus qui ont prsent une augmentation, la fin du mois, infrieur quatre fois la teneur des anticorps par rapport avant la vaccination. Cependant , on a trouv une plus grande proportion dindividus victimes de stress dans le groupe des participants o il y a eu une baisse de la teneur des anticorps dirig la hmaglutinina AH1 (ac AH1) en T6, aprs comparaison avec le respectif groupe de contrle. La diffrence entre les groupes a t statistiquement significative lorsquon a vrifi la prsence de stress grce la mthode de triangulation, en utilisant lentretien (p=0,006), par la mthode de triangulation en utilisant le GHQ12 (p=0,045) et en utilisant aussi la combinaison des trois critres (p=0,001). Aprs une analyse XXX multivarie, on a vrifi que lassociation entre la prsence de stress et la rduction des ac AH1 en T6 a conserv un signifi statistique (respectivement, p=0,010, p=0,042 et p=0,002) et a prsent des odds ratio ajusts, en fonction de chacune des mthodes de vrification de la prsence de stress de 3,643, de 2,733 et de 5,223. La quantit de travail perue comme une surcharge constitue le facteur inducteur de stress le plus souvent cit (58,8% de lchantillon et 61,8% des infirmiers des units dinternement), suivi par les conflits entre professionnels. Le contact avec la souffrance et la mort des patients a t plac en quatrime position par lchantillon, mais en deuxime position par les infirmiers des units dinternement. Dans ces cas, on a vrifi une association vidente entre le fait de travailler dans des services o le nombre de patients dcds a t trs lev et la prsence de stress, identifie par la mthode de triangulation, en utilisant lentretien (p=0,039), le GHQ12 (p=0,019), lchelle de fatigue motionnelle du MBI-HSS (p=0,012) et en utilisant aussi la combinaison des trois critres (p=0,014). On a aussi vrifi une association positive entre la prsence de stress, identifie par la mthode de triangulation, en utilisant lchelle de fatigue motionnelle du MBI-HSS et le travail dans des services dinternement o le pourcentage de malade gs (p=0,025) et le taux de mortalit ont t levs (p=0,036). Malgr tout, on na pas trouv dassociation entre lexposition trs frquente la souffrance et la mort des patients et la rduction de la teneur de ac AH1 en T6. Probablement lexposition ce facteur inducteur de stress, bien quelle soit lie la prsence de stress chez les infirmiers des services dinternement, na pas t suffisamment intense pour, en elle-mme, tre associe la rduction de la teneur ac AH1 enT6. Lassociation trouve entre la prsence de stress chronique et la rduction de la teneur des anticorps AH1 en T6 vient renforcer lhypothse que le stress pourra influencer ngativement la manutention des teneurs en anticorps mme chez les individus adultes jeunes. Donc le risque quun infirmier stress prsente une rduction de la teneur en anticorps dirigs la hmaglutinina de le composant AH1N1-A/Solomon Island/3/2006 la fin des six mois dtudes a t 3,6, 2,7 ou 5,2 fois suprieure celui dun infirmier sans stress, aprs avoir dtermin le critre de stress, respectivement par la mthode de triangulation utilisant lentretien, par la mthode de triangulation utilisant le GHQ12 ou par la combinaison des trois critres.
Resumo:
This paper presents a resume of the results achieved by researchers of the Centro de Estratigrafia e Paleobiologia da U. N. L. on the Neogene of Algarve, since 1977. The detailed study of several profiles as well as that af calcareous nannoplanton, planktonic foraminifera, ostracoda, fishes and mammals allowed to obtain data and correlation elements leading to a new interpretation of the Miocene of Algarve. It was possible to date and to characterize the following units: a) Carbonate formation of Lagos-Portimo, of marine facies, ascribed to the Lower Miocene (Aquitanian? and mainly Burdigalian), possibly attaining the Lower Langhian. b) Essentially arenaceous series of continental facies with a marine intercalation of Arrifo, Olhos de gua and Auramar Hotel beach, middle Miocene (Langhian-Serravallian) in age. c) Marine (tripoli, conglomerates, sands and limestones) deposits of Tunes-Mem Moniz, Ponte das Lavadeiras (Faro), Arroteia (Fuzeta) and Luz de Tavira, corresponding, at least partially, to the first part of the upper Miocene (Lower Tortonian). d) Cacela formation with three members: The lower member (conglomerates and sands), the middle (yellow silts) and the upper ones (gray silts), uppermost Tortonian and mainly Messinian in age. An interpretation of the tectonic and paleogeographic evolution of the portuguese littoral during the Miocene is also presented considering its insertion in the meridional part of the Peninsula (Guadalquivir depression, Betic massif basins and in the spanish Levant in general). Comparisons among the Neogene vulcanism of this region and similar manifestations documented in Algarve (basanite of Figueira-Portimo, etc) are established.
Resumo:
Glauconite K-Ar ages (6.880.4; 7.030.4 MY) confirm earlier reports to Upper Tortonian of silt beds near Morgadinho, Luz de Tavira and Tavira. Taking stratigraphical position and age into account it is possible now to correlate these beds with similar ones at Quelfes and Cacela (Formao de Cacela, lower member, ascribed to the upper part of N16 or to NI7 Blow's zone, Globorotalia humerosa - G. dutertrei; Tortonian to Messinian, according to the ostracod fauna). Limit between the above quoted zones is thus placed at about 7 MY. New K-Ar ages greatly improve the knowledge about Upper Miocene in eastern Algarve, and on regional tectonic evolution. This is particulary so in what concerns an intra-Tortonian phase.
Resumo:
The reef levels of the gulf of Skoura belong to the reef formation of the Upper Miocene of the South-Rifan straits. A detailed analysis of the vertical distribution of various forms of colonies has led to the establishment of precise coral morphologies zonation. This palaeoecological approach leads us to distinguish between two environments in the Skoura gulf, probably corresponding to two reef episodes. The palaeogeographical implications (relationships between the Atlantic ocean and the Mediterranean sea) will be pointed out.
Resumo:
The Aquitaine Basin (southwestern France) is known since long ago for its richness in marine miocene deposits of various facies. A few stratotypes concerning this period have been described in the investigated area. The stratigraphical framework has been recently revised and the study of new exposures completes our knowledge on these levels. In the present work, the authors produce a biostratigraphical distribution of about 160 species (larger and smaller foraminifera), found in the surface exposures of Aquitaine, from the topmost Oligocene (Chattian) through to Middle Miocene (including Serravallian). As a rule, the common species without significant ranges have not bcen mentioned. The microfaunas of several exposures have been thoroughly revised, which has allowed to precise the distribution of many species and induced a few modifications of the results previously produced. Synonymy problems and new taxonomical revisions have been taken into account. Of course, this work will be probably submitted to some changes according to new research on the already known exposures or other more recently discovered.
Resumo:
Resumo Poltica(s) de sade no trabalho: um inqurito sociolgico s empresas portuguesas A literatura portuguesa sobre polticas, programas e actividades de Segurana, Higiene e Sade no Trabalho (abreviadamente, SH&ST) ainda escassa. Com este projecto de investigao pretende-se (i) colmatar essa lacuna, (ii) melhorar o conhecimento dos sistemas de gesto da sade e segurana no trabalho e (iii) contribuir para a proteco e a promoo da sade dos trabalhadores. Foi construda uma tipologia com cinco grupos principais de polticas, programas e actividades: A (Higiene & Segurana no Trabalho / Melhoria do ambiente fsico de trabalho); B (Avaliao de sade / Vigilncia mdica / Prestao de cuidados de sade); C (Preveno de comportamentos de risco/ Promoo de estilos de vida saudveis); D (Intervenes a nvel organizacional / Melhoria do ambiente psicossocial de trabalho); E (Actividades e programas sociais e de bem-estar). Havia uma lista de mais de 60 actividades possveis, correspondendo a um ndice de realizao de 100%. Foi concebido e desenhado, para ser auto-administrado, um questionrio sobre Poltica de Sade no Local de Trabalho. Foram efectuados dois mailings, e um follow-up telefnico. O trabalho de campo decorreu entre a primavera de 1997 e o vero de 1998. A amostra (n=259) considerada representativa das duas mil maiores empresas do pas. Uma em cada quatro uma multinacional. A taxa de sindicalizao rondava os 30% da populao trabalhadora, mas apenas 16% dos respondentes assinalou a existncia de representantes dos trabalhadores eleitos para a SH&ST. A hiptese de investigao principal era a de que as empresas com um sistema integrado de gesto da SH&ST seriam tambm as empresas com um (i) maior nmero de polticas, programas e actividades de sade; (ii) maior ndice de sade; (iii) maior ndice de realizao; e (iv) maior percentagem dos encargos com a SH&ST no total da massa salarial. As actividades de tipo A e B, tradicionalmente associadas SH&ST, representavam, s por si, mais de 57% do total. Os resultados, correspondentes s respostas da Seco C do questionrio, apontam, para (i) a hipervalorizao dos exames de medicina do trabalho; e por outro para (ii) o subaproveitamento de um vasto conjunto de actividades (nomeadamente as de tipo D e E), que so correntemente levadas a cabo pelas empresas e que nunca ou raramente so pensadas em termos de proteco e promoo da sade dos trabalhadores. As actividades e os programas de tipo C (Preveno de comportamentos de risco/Promoo de estilos de vida saudveis), ainda eram as menos frequentes entre ns, a seguir aos Programas sociais e de bem-estar (E). a existncia de sistemas de gesto integrados de SH&ST, e no o tamanho da empresa ou outra caracterstica sociodemogrfica ou tcnico-organizacional, que permite predizer a frequncia de polticas de sade mais activas e mais inovadores. Os trs principais motivos ou razes que levam as empresas portuguesas a investir na proteco e promoo da sade dos seus trabalhadores eram, por ordem de frequncia, (i) o absentismo em geral; (ii) a produtividade, qualidade e/ou competitividade, e (iii) a filosofia de gesto ou cultura organizacional. Quanto aos trs principais benefcios que so reportados, surge em primeiro lugar (i) a melhoria da sade dos trabalhadores, seguida da (ii) melhoria do ambiente do ambiente de trabalho e, por fim, (iii) a melhoria da produtividade, qualidade e/ou competitividade.Quanto aos trs principais obstculos que se pem, em geral, ao desenvolvimento das iniciativas de sade, eles seriam os seguintes, na percepo dos respondentes: (i) a falta de empenho dos trabalhadores; (ii) a falta de tempo; e (iii) os problemas de articulao/ comunicao a nvel interno. Por fim, (i) o empenho das estruturas hierrquicas; (ii) a cultura organizacional propcia; e (iii) o sentido de responsabilidade social surgem, destacadamente, como os trs principais factores facilitadores do desenvolvimento da poltica de sade no trabalho. Tantos estes factores como os obstculos so de natureza endgena, susceptveis portanto de controlo por parte dos gestores. Na sua generalidade, os resultados deste trabalho pem em evidncia a fraqueza tericometodolgica de grande parte das iniciativas de sade, realizadas na dcada de 1990. Muitas delas seriam medidas avulsas, que se inserem na gesto corrente das nossas empresas, e que dificilmente podero ser tomadas como expresso de uma poltica de sade no local de trabalho, (i) definida e assumida pela gesto de topo, (ii) socialmente concertada, (iii) coerente, (iv) baseada na avaliao de necessidades e expectativas de sade dos trabalhadores, (v) divulgada, conhecida e partilhada por todos, (vi) contingencial, flexvel e integrada, e, por fim, (vii) orientada por custos e resultados. Segundo a Declarao do Luxemburgo (1997), a promoo da sade engloba o esforo conjunto dos empregadores, dos trabalhadores, do Estado e da sociedade civil para melhorar a segurana, a sade e o bem-estar no trabalho, objectivo isso que pode ser conseguido atravs da (i) melhoria da organizao e das demais condies de trabalho, da (ii) participao efectiva e concreta dos trabalhadores bem como do seu (iii) desenvolvimento pessoal. Abstract Health at work policies: a sociological inquiry into Portuguese corporations Portuguese literature on workplace health policies, programs and activities is still scarce. With this research project the author intends (i) to improve knowledge on the Occupational Health and Safety (shortly thereafter, OSH) management systems and (ii) contribute to the development of health promotion initiatives at a corporate level. Five categories of workplace health initiatives have been identified: (i) Occupational Hygiene and Safety / Improvement of Physical Working Environment (type A programs); (ii) Health Screening, Medical Surveillance and Other Occupational Health Care Provision (type B programs); (iii) Preventing Risk Behaviours / Promoting Healthy Life Styles (type C programs); (iv) Organisational Change / Improvement of Psycho-Social Working Environment (type D programs); and (v) Industrial and Social Welfare (type E programs). A mail questionnaire was sent to the Chief Executive Officer of the 1500 largest Portuguese companies, operating in the primary and secondary sectors ( 100 employees) or tertiary sector ( 75 employees). Response rate has reached about 20% (259 respondents, representing about 300 companies). Carried out between Spring 1997 and Summer 1998, the fieldwork has encompassed two direct mailings and one phone follow-up. Sample is considered to be representative of the two thousand largest companies. One in four is a multinational. Union membership rate is about 30%, but only 16% has reported the existence of a workers health and safety representative. The most frequent workplace health initiatives were those under the traditional scope of the OSH field (type A and B programs) (57% of total) (e.g., Periodical Medical Examinations; Individual Protective Equipment; Assessment of Working Ability). In SMEs (< 250) it was less likely to find out some time-consuming and expensive activities (e.g., Training on OSH knowledge and skills, Improvement of environmental parameters as ventilation, lighting, heating).There were significant differences in SMEs, when compared with the larger ones ( 250) concerning type B programs such as Periodical medical examinations, GP consultation, Nursing care, Other medical and non-medical specialities (e.g., psychiatrist, psychologist, ergonomist, physiotherapist, occupational social worker). With regard to type C programs, there were a greater percentage of programs centred on Substance abuse (tobacco, alcohol, and drug) than on Other health risk behaviours. SMEs representatives reported very few prevention- oriented programs in the field of Drug abuse, Nutrition, Physical activity, Off- job accidents, Blood pressure or Weight control. Frequency of type D programs included Training on Human Resources Management, Training on Organisational Behaviour, Total Quality Management, Job Design/Ergonomics, and Workplace rehabilitation. In general, implementation of this type of programs (Organisational Change / Improvement of Psychosocial Working Environment) is not largely driven by health considerations. Concerning Industrial and Social Welfare (Type E programs), the larger employers are in a better position than SMEs to offer to their employees a large spectrum of health resources and facilities (e.g., Restaurant, Canteen, Resting room, Transport, Infra-structures for physical activity, Surgery, Complementary social protection, Support to recreational and cultural activities, Magazine or newsletter, Intranet). Other workplace health promotion programs like Training on Stress Management, Employee Assistance Programs, or Self-help groups are uncommon in the Portuguese worksites. The existence of integrated OSH management systems, not the company size, is the main variable explaining the implementation of more active and innovative workplace health policies in Portugal. The three main prompting factors reported by employers for health protection and promotion initiatives are: (i) Employee absenteeism; (ii) Productivity, quality and/or competitiveness; and (iii) Corporate culture/management philosophy. On the other hand, (i) Improved staffs health, (ii) Improved working environment and (iii) Improved productivity, quality and/or competitiveness were the three main benefits reported by companies representatives, as a result of successful implementation of workplace health initiatives. (i) Lack of staff commitment; (ii) Lack of time; and (iii) Problems of co-operation and communication within company or establishment (iii) are perceived to be the main barriers companies must cope with. Asked about the main facilitating factors, these companies have pointed out the following ones: (i) Top management commitment; (ii) Corporate culture; and (iii) Sense of social responsibility. This sociological research report shows the methodological weaknesses of workplace health initiatives, carried out by Portuguese companies during the last 90s. In many cases, these programs and actions were not part of a corporate health strategy and policy, (i) based on the assessment of workers health needs and expectancies, (ii) advocated by the employer or the chief executive officer, (ii) planned and implemented with the staff consultation and participation or (iv) evaluated according to a cost-benefit analysis. In short, corporate health policy and action were still rather based on more traditional OSH approaches and should be reoriented towards Workplace Health Promotion (WHP) approach. According to the Luxembourg Declaration of Workplace Health Promotion in the European Union (1997), WHP is a combination of: (i) improving the work organisation and environment; (ii) promoting active participation; (iii) encouraging personal development.Rsume Politique(s) de sant au travail: une enqute sociologique aux entreprises portugaises Au Portugal on ne sait presque rien des politiques de sant au travail, adopts par les entreprises. Avec ce projet de recherche, on veut (i) amliorer la connaissance sur les systmes de gestion de la sant et de la scurit au travail et, au mme temps, (ii) contribuer au dveloppement de la promotion de la sant des travailleurs. Une typologie a t use pour identifier les politiques, programmes et actions de sant au travail: A. Amlioration des conditions de travail / Scurit au travail; B. Mdecine du travail /Sant au travail; C. Prvention des comportements de risque / Promotion de styles de vie sains; D. Interventions organisationnelles / Amlioration des facteurs psychosociaux au travail; E. Gestion de personnel et bien-tre social. Un questionnaire postal a t envoy au reprsentant maximum des grandes entreprises portugaises, industrielles ( 100 employs) ou des services ( 75 employs). Le taux de rponse a t environ 20% (259 rpondants, concernant trois centaines dentreprises et dtablissements). La recherche de champ, conduite du printemps 1997 lt 1998, a compris deux enqutes postales et un follow-up tlphonique. Lchantillon est reprsentatif de la population des deux miles plus grandes entreprises. Un quart sont des multinationales. Le taux de syndicalisation est denviron 30%. Toutefois, il y a seulement 16% de lieux de travail avec des reprsentants du personnel pour la sant et scurit au travail. Les initiatives de sant au travail les plus communes sont celles concernant le domaine plus traditionnel (types A et B) (57% du total): par exemple, les examens de mdecine du travail, lquipement de protection individuelle, les tests daptitude au travail. En ce qui concerne les programmes de type C, les plus frquents sont le contrle et la prvention des addictions (tabac, alcool, drogue). Les interventions dans le domaine de du systme technique et organisationnelle du travail peuvent comprendre les courses de formation en gestion de ressources humaines ou en psychosociologie des organisations, lergonomie, le travail post ou la gestion de la qualit totale. En gnral, la protection et la promotion de la sant des travailleurs ne sont pas prises en considration dans limplmentation des initiatives de type D. Il y a des diffrences quand on compare les grandes entreprises et les moyennes en matire de politique de gestion du personnel e du bien-tre (programmes de type E, y compris lallocation de ressources humaines ou logistiques comme, par exemple, restaurant, journal dentreprise, transports, installations et quipements sportifs). Dautres activits de promotion de la sant au travail comme la formation en gestion du stress, les programmes d assistance aux employs, ou les groupes de soutien et dauto-aide sont encore trs peu frquents dans les entreprises portugaises. Cest le systme intgr de gestion de la sant et de la scurit au travail, et non pas la taille de lentreprise, qui aide prdire lexistence de politiques actives et innovatrices dans ce domaine. Les trois facteurs principaux qui encouragent les actions de sant (prompting factors, en anglais) sont (i) labsentisme (y compris la maladie), (ii) les problmes lis la productivit, qualit et/ou la comptitivit, et aussi (iii) la culture de lentreprise/philosophie de gestion. Du cot des bnfices, on a obtenu surtout lamlioration (i) de la sant du personnel, (ii) des conditions de travail, et (iii) de la productivit, qualit et/ou comptitivit.Les facteurs qui facilitent les actions de sant au travail sont (i) lengagement de la direction, (ii) la culture de lentreprise, et (iii) le sens de responsabilit sociale. Par contre, les obstacles surmonter, selon les organisations qui ont rpondu au questionnaire, seraient surtout (i) le manque dengagement des travailleurs et de leur reprsentants, (ii) le temps insuffisant, et (iii) les problmes de articulation/communication au niveau interne de lentreprise/tablissement. Ce travail de recherche sociologique montre la faiblesse mthodologique des services et activits de sant et scurit au travail, mis en place par les entreprises portugaises dans les annes de 1990, la suite des accords de concertation sociale de 1991. Dans beaucoup de cas, (i) ces politiques de sant ne font pas partie encore dun systme intgr de gestion, (ii) il na pas dvaluation des besoins et des expectatives des travailleurs, (iii) cest trs bas ou inexistant le niveau de participation du personnel, (iv) on ne fait pas danalyse cot-bnfice. On peut conclure que les politiques de sant au travail sont plus proches de la mdecine du travail et de la scurit au travail que de la promotion de la sant des travailleurs. Selon la Dclaration du Luxembourg sur la Promotion de la Sant au Lieu de Travail dans la Communaut Europenne (1997), celle-ci comprend toutes les mesures des employeurs, des employs et de la socit pour amliorer l'tat de sant et le bien tre des travailleurs e ceci peut tre obtenu par la concentration des efforts dans les domaines suivants: (i) amlioration de l'organisation du travail et des conditions de travail ; (ii) promotion d'une participation active des collaborateurs ; (iii) renforcement des comptences personnelles .
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Dissertao apresentada na Faculdade de Cincias e Tecnologia da Universidade Nova de Lisboa para a obteno do grau de Mestre em Engenharia Biomdica. A presente dissertao foi desenvolvida no Erasmus Medical Center em Roterdo, Holanda
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Cahiers d'ethnomusicologie, V.22, pp. 223-237
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Les rapports complexes entre les diffrentes faons de faire circuler les ides et les informations ne datent pas de nos jours. A toutes les poques, les messages qui circulent emploient toutes sortes de vhicules et de langages, trs souvent complmentaires. Ces vhicules et ces langages n'ont peut-tre rien d'extraordinaire. Ils appartiennent au monde des gestes de tous les jours, des gestes qui se rptent et dont la rptition est elle-mme importante pour la construction du sens de chaque message. Ces gestes qui sont rpts, qui sont attendus et qui sont reconnus incluent des sons, des images, des comportements, des mots, ou des citations. Il y a donc un rapport qui s'y tablit entre rptition et nouveaut, rapport dans lequel la rptition fournit chaque fois une nouvelle information, mme si elle est dj attendue, tandis que leur absence peut reprsenter l'anxit, ou mme le scandale.
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Thse pour obtenir le grade de DOCTEUR DE L' UNIVERSIT PARIS XII, Discipline: Urbanisme Amnagement
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The existence of molecular mechanisms of response, repair and adaptation, many of which are greatly conserved across nature, gives to the cell with the plasticity it requires to adjust to its ever-changing environment, a homeostatic event that is termed the stress response. In the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae there is a particular family of transcription factors, the Yap family, which has been shown to have a relevant role in yeast adaptation to several stress conditions. In particular, Yap1 is the major regulator of the transcriptional response to oxidative stress and Yap2 and Yap8 play important roles upon cadmium and arsenic exposure, respectively.(...)
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The reef levels of the gulf of skoura belong to the reef formation of the Upper Miocene of the South-Rifan straits. A detailed analysis of the vertical distribution of various forms of colonies has led to the establishment of precise coral morphologies zonation. This palaeoecological approach leads us to distinguish between two environments in the Skoura gulf, probably corresponding to two reef episodes. The palaeogeographical implications (relationships between the Atlantic ocean and the Mediterranean sea) will be pointed out.
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The Aquitaine Basin (southwestem France) is known since long ago for its richness in marine miocene deposits ofvarious facies. A few stratotypes concerning this period have bccn described in the investigated area. The stratigraphical framework has becn recently revised and the study of new exposures completes our knowledge on these levels. In the present work, the authors produce a biostratigraphical distribution of about 160 species (Iarger and smaller foraminifera), found in the surface exposures of Aquitaine, from the topmost Oligocene (Chattian) through to Middle Miocene (including Serravallian). As a rule, the common species without significant ranges have not bcen mentioned. The microfaunas of several exposures have been thoroughly revised, which has allowcd to precise the distribution of many species and induced a few modifications of the results previously produced. Synonymy problems and new taxonomical revisions have been taken into account. Of course, this work will be probably submitted to some changes according to new research on the already known exposures or other more recently discovered.
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The Mid Miocene marine formations of Salles area (former "Sallomacian" stage) have been studied again from numerous outcrops and cores. The deep structural framework influences notably of the characteristics and distribution of the deposits, which are neritic. The stratigraphy is stated precisely thanks to the planktonic fauna and floradetailed examination (probably Serravallian zones NN6 - N12). Several paleobiofacies are reconstituted from the rich invertebrate faunas, which give also paleoclimatic data.
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Similarly to other organisms, Vertebrates changed during the Cenozoic Era. Mammals are the only ones to change quickly; their well mineralised bones and teeth are often fossilised. They are highly diverse and even isolated teeth can be identified. They are thus a good tool for establishing a biochronological framewoork. Among Mammals, Rodents with a short lifetime evolve more quickly than the large Mammals. In Europe, the first elaborated zonation was investigated by the Regional Committee on Neogene Stratigraphy and issued as the MN Zonation (Mammals Neogene) by Mein, 1976. During the following years, progress in knowledge lead to new charts. The latest one resulted from collective work (de Bruijn et al., 1992). Bochronology gives relative data; if we desire to have numerical age estimates, we must correlate these results with radiometrie data, marine biostratigraphcal units or the Geomagnetic Polarity Time Scale. For Europe, these results are summarised by Steininger et al. (1989-1996) and Steininger (1999). After some recents developments on MN Zonation, here is discussed the succession of Neogene small mammals Portuguese localities. Fortunately these localities are in majority inbedded in marine context. Their assigment to MN Zones is proposed and correlations with the spanish Aragonian Scale (Daams el al., 1999) are also suggested. In fact, some differences appear between Portugal and Aragonian assemblages, probably for ecological reasons. Therefore, the MN zonation is always useful for short and long distance biochronological correlations.
