Tecnologia, educação e cidadania: (re)pensar projectos educacionais numa abordagem compreensiva da contemporaneidade

Dissertação de mestrado em Ciências da Educação: área de Educação e Desenvolvimento

Geography of the Information Society

All every day activities take place in space. And it is upon this that all information and knowledge revolve. The latter are the key elements in the organisation of territories. Their creation, use and distribution should therefore occur in a balanced way throughout the whole territory in order to allow all individuals to participate in an egalitarian society, in which the flow of knowledge can take precedence over the flow of interests. The information society depends, to a large extent, on the technological capacity to disseminate information and, consequently, the knowledge throughout territory, thereby creating conditions which allow a more balanced development, from the both the social and economic points of view thus avoiding the existence of info-exclusion territories. Internet should therefore be considered more than a mere technology, given that its importance goes well beyond the frontiers of culture and society. It is already a part of daily life and of the new forms of thinking and transmitting information, thus making it a basic necessity essential, for a full socio-economic development. Its role as a platform of creation and distribution of content is regarded as an indispensable element for education in today’s society, since it makes information a much more easily acquired benefit.”…in the same way that the new technologies of generation and distribution of energy allowed factories and large companies to establish themselves as the organisational bases of industrial society, so the internet today constitutes the technological base of the organisational form that characterises the Information Era: the network” (CASTELLS, 2004:15). The changes taking place today in regional and urban structures are increasingly more evident due to a combination of factors such as faster means of transport, more efficient telecommunications and other cheaper and more advanced technologies of information and knowledge. Although their impact on society is obvious, society itself also has a strong influence on the evolution of these technologies. And although physical distance has lost much of the responsibility it had towards explaining particular phenomena of the economy and of society, other aspects such as telecommunications, new forms of mobility, the networks of innovation, the internet, cyberspace, etc., have become more important, and are the subject of study and profound analysis. The science of geographical information, allows, in a much more rigorous way, the analysis of problems thus integrating in a much more balanced way, the concepts of place, of space and of time. Among the traditional disciplines that have already found their place in this process of research and analysis, we can give special attention to a geography of new spaces, which, while not being a geography of ‘innovation’, nor of the ‘Internet’, nor even ‘virtual’, which can be defined as one of the ‘Information Society’, encompassing not only the technological aspects but also including a socio-economic approach. According to the last European statistical data, Portugal shows a deficit in terms of information and knowledge dissemination among its European partners. Some of the causes are very well identified - low levels of scholarship, weak investments on innovation and R&D (both private and public sector) - but others seem to be hidden behind socio-economical and technological factors. So, the justification of Portugal as the case study appeared naturally, on a difficult quest to find the major causes to territorial asymmetries. The substantial amount of data needed for this work was very difficult to obtain and for the islands of Madeira and Azores was insufficient, so only Continental Portugal was considered for this study. In an effort to understand the various aspects of the Geography of the Information Society and bearing in mind the increasing generalised use of information technologies together with the range of technologies available for the dissemination of information, it is important to: (i) Reflect on the geography of the new socio-technological spaces. (ii) Evaluate the potential for the dissemination of information and knowledge through the selection of variables that allow us to determine the dynamic of a given territory or region; (iii) Define a Geography of the Information Society in Continental Portugal.

Internet Geography: New Spaces of Information

The objective of great investments in telecommunication networks is to approach economies and put an end to the asymmetries. The most isolated regions could be the beneficiaries of this new technological investments wave disseminating trough the territories. The new economic scenarios created by globalisation make high capacity backbones and coherent information society polity, two instruments that could change regions fate and launch them in to an economic development context. Technology could bring international projection to services or products and could be the differentiating element between a national and an international economic strategy. So, the networks and its fluxes are becoming two of the most important variables to the economies. Measuring and representing this new informational accessibility, mapping new communities, finding new patterns and localisation models, could be today’s challenge. In the physical and real space, location is defined by two or three geographical co-ordinates. In the network virtual space or in cyberspace, geography seems incapable to define location, because it doesn’t have a good model. Trying to solve the problem and based on geographical theories and concepts, new fields of study came to light. The Internet Geography, Cybergeography or Geography of Cyberspace are only three examples. In this paper and using Internet Geography and informational cartography, it was possible to observe and analyse the spacialisation of the Internet phenomenon trough the distribution of the IP addresses in the Portuguese territory. This work shows the great potential and applicability of this indicator to Internet dissemination and regional development studies. The Portuguese territory is seen in a completely new form: the IP address distribution of Country Code Top Level Domains (.pt) could show new regional hierarchies. The spatial concentration or dispersion of top level domains seems to be a good instrument to reflect the info-structural dynamic and economic development of a territory, especially at regional level.

Internet Geography: Spaces of Innovation

Information Society plays an important role in all kinds of human activity, inducing new forms of economic and social organization and creating knowledge. Over the last twenty years of the 20th century, large investments in telecommunication networks were made to approach economies and put an end to the asymmetries. The most isolated regions were the beneficiaries of this new technological investment’s wave disseminating trough the territories. The new economic scenarios created by globalisation make high capacity backbones and coherent information society polity, two instruments that could change regions fate and launch them in to an economic development context. Technology could bring international projection to services, products and could be the differentiating element between a national and an international economic strategy. So, the networks and its fluxes are becoming two of the most important variables to the economies. Measuring and representing this new informational accessibility, mapping new communities, finding new patterns and localisation models, could be today’s challenge. In the physical/real space, location is defined by two or three geographical co-ordinates. In the network/virtual space or in cyberspace, geography seems incapable to define location, because it doesn’t have a good model. Trying to solve the problem and based on geographical theories and concepts, new fields of study came to light. Internet Geography is one example. In this paper and using Internet Geography and informational cartography, it was possible to observe and analyse the spacialisation of the Internet phenomenon trough the distribution of the IP addresses in the Portuguese territory. This work shows the great potential and applicability of this indicator to regional development studies, and at the same time. The IP address distribution of Country Code Top Level Domains (.pt for Portugal) could show the same economic patterns, reflecting territorial inflexibility or, by opposition, new regional hierarchies. The spatial concentration or dispersion of top level domains seems to be a good instrument to analyse the info-structural dynamic and economic development of a territory, especially at regional level. At the same time it shows that information technologies are essential to innovation and competitive advantage.

Geografia da Sociedade da Informação

Todas as acções do quotidiano se desenvolvem no espaço. É também sobre ele, que circula toda a informação e o conhecimento e estes são, actualmente, os elementos chave na organização dos territórios. A sua criação, utilização e distribuição devem por isso fazer-se de forma equilibrada por todo o território, de modo a permitir a todos os indivíduos a participação numa sociedade igualitária, onde os fluxos do saber se possam sobrepor aos fluxos dos interesses. A Sociedade da Informação depende, em grande parte, da capacidade tecnológica para disseminar a informação e, por consequência, o conhecimento no território, criando condi-ções que permitam um desenvolvimento mais equilibrado, quer do ponto de vista social, quer do ponto de vista económico e evitando a existência de territórios de info-exclusão. Para CASTELLS (2001), a Internet é a plataforma tecnológica que caracteriza a ‘Era da Informação’: a rede. A Internet deve ser por isso considerada mais do que uma mera tec-nologia, pois a sua importância ultrapassa em muito as fronteiras da cultura e da sociedade, fazendo já parte do quotidiano e das novas formas de pensar e transmitir a informação, tornando-a num bem de primeira necessidade, essencial ao pleno desenvolvimento sócio-económico. O seu papel como plataforma de criação e distribuição de conteúdos assume-se como um elemento indispensável para a educação na sociedade actual, uma vez que torna a informação um bem de muito mais fácil obtenção. “... tal como as novas tecnologias de geração e distribuição de energia permitiram que as fábricas e as grandes empresas se estabelecessem como as bases organizacionais da sociedade industrial, a Internet constitui actualmente a base tecnológica da forma organizacional que caracteriza a Era da Informação: a rede...” (CASTELLS, 2004:15). As alterações que ocorrem actualmente nas estruturas regionais e urbanas são cada vez mais evidentes, devido a uma combinação de factores como transportes mais rápidos, telecomunicações mais eficazes e outras tecnologias de informação e de conhecimento mais baratas e evoluídas. Embora o seu reflexo na sociedade seja obvio, também a sociedade tem uma forte influencia sobre a evolução das tecnologias. Enquanto a distância física perdeu muita da responsabilidade que tinha na explicação de determinados fenómenos da economia e da sociedade, outros aspectos como as telecomunicações, as novas formas de mobilidade, as redes de inovação, a Internet, o ciberespaço, etc., tornaram-se mais importantes, sendo objecto de estudo e análise mais aprofundados. A ciência da informação geográfica, permite de um modo mais rigoroso, a análise de problemas, integrando de uma forma equilibrada os conceitos de lugar, de espaço e de tempo. Entre as tradicionais disciplinas que já ocuparam o seu lugar neste processo de pesquisa e de análise, poderá destacar-se uma geografia dos novos espaços que não sendo, nem ‘da inovação’, nem ‘da Internet’, nem mesmo ‘virtual’, se poderá definir como ‘da Sociedade da Informação’, abrangendo não só a parte tecnológica, mas tendo também em conta a abordagem sócio-económica. Tentando compreender as várias vertentes desta Geografia da Sociedade da Informação e tendo em conta o uso crescente das tecnologias de informação e comunicação por parte dos cidadãos e o leque de tecnologias para disseminação da informação, importa: (i) Reflectir sobre a geografia dos novos espaços sócio-tecnológicos, ou seja, espaços onde as variáveis sociais, económicas e tecnológicas se misturam de tal forma que, em simultâneo, condicionam e são condicionadas. (ii) Avaliar o potencial de disseminação da informação e do conhecimento, através da selecção de variáveis que permitem captar a dinâmica de determinado território ou região. (iii) Definir uma Geografia da Sociedade da Informação em Portugal. O texto desta comunicação representa algumas reflexões, análises e conclusões da tese de doutoramento, desenvolvida pelo autor entre Janeiro de 2000 e Dezembro de 2004.