4 resultados para environnement
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Dans cet article, nous aborderons certains aspects du fonctionnement de la perception auditive de lespace en tant quelements operatoires utilisables dans la creation sonore et musicale. Nous analyserons les techniques de mise en espace du son en environnement CSound utilisees dans Sideral1. Dans ce cadre, nous etudierons la programmation modulaire dans cet environnement en sinteressant a des techniques de connexion dunites fonctionnelles autonomes et dacheminements multiples dans un meme instrument. Nous observerons la mise en espace du son par parametrage dangle en utilisant lopcode locsig et par parametrage lineaire utilisant lopcode space.
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Thse pour obtenir le grade de DOCTEUR DE L' UNIVERSIT PARIS XII, Discipline: Urbanisme Amnagement
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Res-Systemica, Volume N5, Numro Spcial
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RESUMO - Os trabalhadores dos ginsios com piscinas apresentam maior prevalncia de leses fngicas, como a Tinea pedis e a onicomicose, devido s caractersticas intrnsecas da sua actividade profissional, pois apresentam mais horas por dia de exposio contaminao fngica das superfcies. Esta situao verifica-se no s por serem os que mais frequentam os locais possveis de estarem contaminados, como o caso de balnerios, vestirios e zona envolvente s piscinas, mas tambm porque algumas das actividades desenvolvidas so realizadas com os ps descalos. Alm disso, a utilizao de roupa sinttica e de calado ocluso, que retm a sudao excessiva, favorece o desenvolvimento fngico. Constituiu objectivo deste trabalho conhecer o risco de infeco e/ou leso (Tinea pedis e onicomicose) nos trabalhadores dos ginsios com piscina e a sua eventual relao com a exposio contaminao fngica (ar e superfcies) dos locais de trabalho. Foram descritas as variveis ambientais e biolgicas que influenciam a infeco e/ou leso fngica em ambiente profissional e exploradas eventuais associaes entre essas mesmas variveis. Foram tambm conhecidas as diferenas da contaminao fngica das superfcies entre as duas principais estaes do ano (Vero e Inverno) e entre antes e depois da lavagem e desinfeco. O estudo realizado possui uma componente transversal, em que se pretendeu descrever os fenmenos ambientais e biolgicos da contaminao fngica em ambiente profissional e explorar eventuais associaes entre variveis; uma componente longitudinal, em que foram conhecidas as diferenas sazonais da contaminao fngica das superfcies; e, ainda, uma componente quase experimental, em que foi analisada a distribuio fngica nas superfcies antes e depois da lavagem e desinfeco. Na vertente transversal foi considerada uma amostra de 10 ginsios com piscina e outra amostra de, pelo menos, 10 profissionais de cada estabelecimento, perfazendo um total de 124 trabalhadores (75 Homens - 60,48% e 49 Mulheres - 39,52%). Foram realizadas 258 colheitas biolgicas aos ps dos trabalhadores, efectuada a avaliao ambiental da contaminao fngica dos estabelecimentos atravs de 50 colheitas de amostras de ar e 120 colheitas de amostras de superfcies (60 antes e 60 depois da lavagem e desinfeco) e efectuados os respectivos processamento laboratorial e identificao fngica. Foram tambm avaliadas as variveis ambientais temperatura, humidade relativa e velocidade do ar, preenchidas 10 grelhas de observao, com o objectivo de efectuar o registo de informao sobre as variveis que xx influenciam a exposio ocupacional s espcies fngicas e, ainda, completadas 124 grelhas de observao inerentes colheita de material biolgico, de modo a realizar o registo dos profissionais com leso e outras informaes pertinentes para a anlise laboratorial. Todos os 124 trabalhadores responderam a um questionrio, em simultneo realizao das colheitas biolgicas, de modo a conhecer algumas das variveis individuais e profissionais com pertinncia para o presente estudo. Num dos estabelecimentos, foram tambm estudadas as diferenas da contaminao fngica das superfcies entre antes e depois da lavagem e desinfeco e, ainda, entre as duas estaes do ano (Vero e Inverno). Nesse estabelecimento, foram realizadas 36 colheitas de superfcies antes e 36 colheitas depois da lavagem e desinfeco, em 6 dias diferentes da semana, durante 6 semanas sequenciais em cada estao do ano, completando um total de 72 colheitas de superfcies. Foi ainda criado e aplicado um mtodo para estabelecer um padro de exposio profissional a fungos nas superfcies, de modo a permitir definir nveis semi-quantitativos de estimao do risco de infeco fngica dos trabalhadores dos ginsios com piscinas. Para o critrio da Gravidade, considerou-se que a gravidade da contaminao e, consequentemente, da possvel leso, est intimamente relacionada com a espcie fngica envolvida. Foram calculadas as mdias da contaminao fngica por cada estabelecimento antes da lavagem e desinfeco, de modo a estabelecer os nveis de Frequncia e, em relao Exposio, foram estabelecidos intervalos para agrupar as horas semanais de trabalho. Dos 124 trabalhadores que participaram no estudo, 58 (46,8%) possuam leses visveis. Nesses 58, as Leveduras foram as mais isoladas (41,4%), seguidas dos Dermatfitos (24,1%) e de Fungos Filamentosos No Dermatfitos (6,9%). Candida parapsilosis e Rhodotorula sp. foram as Leveduras mais frequentemente isoladas (20,2%); no caso dos Dermatfitos, Trichophyton rubrum foi a espcie mais frequente (55,5%) e, relativamente aos Fungos Filamentosos No Dermatfitos, Penicillium sp. foi o mais isolado (15,6%), seguido do gnero Fusarium (12,5%). No que concerne contaminao fngica das superfcies, 37 fungos filamentosos foram isolados. Fusarium foi o gnero mais frequente, antes e depois da lavagem e desinfeco (19,1% - 17,2%). Em relao aos fungos leveduriformes, 12 leveduras diferentes foram identificadas, tendo sido os gneros Cryptococcus (40,6%) e Candida (49,3%) os mais frequentes antes e depois da lavagem e desinfeco, respectivamente. Em relao contaminao fngica do ar, foram identificados 25 fungos filamentosos diferentes, em que os 3 gneros mais frequentemente isolados foram Cladosporium (36,6%), Penicillium (19,0%) e Aspergillus (10,2%). Relativamente s leveduras, foi identificado o gnero xxi Rhodotorula (87,5%) e as espcies Trichosporon mucoides e Cryptococcus unigutulattus (12,5%). Verificou-se associao, ao nvel de significncia de 5%, entre leso visvel e horas semanais e entre leso visvel e tempo de profisso, comprovando a influncia da durao da exposio ao factor de risco (contaminao fngica do ambiente profissional), para a presena de leso visvel nos trabalhadores expostos (Tinea pedis e onicomicose), ficando demonstrada a relao entre a exposio ao factor de risco em estudo exposio profissional a fungos com os efeitos para a sade. As variveis ambientais avaliadas (temperatura, humidade relativa e velocidade do ar) no influenciaram a contaminao fngica do ar e das superfcies, no tendo sido evidenciada nenhuma relao estatisticamente significativa (p>0,05). Contudo, verificou-se influncia do nmero de ocupantes que frequentaram cada um dos estabelecimentos nas mdias das unidades formadoras de colnias por metro quadrado nas superfcies antes da lavagem e desinfeco. No se verificou correlao entre os resultados quantitativos da contaminao fngica do ar e a das superfcies dos 10 estabelecimentos monitorizados. No entanto, verificaram-se diferenas significativas, ao nvel de significncia de 10%, entre a contaminao fngica das superfcies e a contaminao fngica do ar (p<0,1), tendo-se constatado que apesar de 50% dos valores mais baixos terem sido superiores na contaminao fngica do ar, a contaminao fngica das superfcies apresentou-se com maior variabilidade quantitativa. Em relao s diferenas significativas na contaminao fngica das superfcies nos 10 estabelecimentos entre antes e depois da lavagem e desinfeco, apenas se verificou reduo significativa (p<0,05) da contaminao fngica depois da lavagem e desinfeco nos balnerios e vestirios masculinos em relao aos fungos leveduriformes. No estabelecimento seleccionado, verificou-se que a relao entre a contaminao fngica e a temperatura e humidade relativa no foi significativa (p>0,05) em ambas as estaes do ano e tambm no se constatou influncia dos ocupantes nos valores mdios das unidades formadoras de colnias por metro quadrado das superfcies antes da lavagem e desinfeco em ambas as estaes de ano. Em quase todas as situaes em que se verificaram diferenas significativas entre as duas estaes do ano, verificou-se um aumento das unidades formadoras de colnias por metro quadrado no Inverno, com excepo do total das unidades formadoras de colnias por metro quadrado antes da lavagem e desinfeco nos balnerios e vestirios masculinos em que se verificou aumento no Vero. Constatou-se tambm que apenas ocorreu reduo da xxii contaminao fngica depois da lavagem e desinfeco nas escadas de acesso no Inverno e nos balnerios e vestirios masculinos no Vero. Com a aplicao do mtodo para estabelecer um padro de exposio profissional a fungos nas superfcies obteve-se, nos 10 estabelecimentos, com Nvel de Risco Mnimo 65 locais (54,2%), com Nvel de Risco Mdio 23 locais (19,2%) e com Nvel de Risco Elevado 32 locais (26,6%). Prximo do jacuzzi e junto ao tanque foram os locais com mais classificaes de Nvel de Risco Elevado. No estabelecimento seleccionado verificou-se que, no Vero, depois da lavagem e desinfeco, ocorreu um maior nmero de locais classificados no Nvel de Risco Elevado e, no Inverno, constatou-se a situao inversa, tendo sido observado maior nmero de locais com Nvel de Risco Elevado antes da lavagem e desinfeco. Junto ao tanque e nas escadas de acesso zona envolvente ao jacuzzi e tanque foram os locais com mais classificaes de Nvel de Risco Elevado, no Vero e no Inverno. Foram isolados nas superfcies fungos comuns aos isolados nos trabalhadores. Antes da lavagem e desinfeco, 30,3% dos fungos foram isolados nas superfcies e nos trabalhadores e depois desses procedimentos 45,5% dos fungos foram tambm isolados comummente. As Leveduras foram as mais isoladas comummente e as que se verificaram mais frequentes antes e depois da lavagem e desinfeco da superfcies e, tambm, nos resultados das colheitas biolgicas realizadas aos trabalhadores, foram o gnero Rhodotorula e a espcie Candida parapsilosis, permitindo confirmar que a infeco fngica dos trabalhadores est relacionada com a contaminao fngica das superfcies. Concluiu-se que necessria a interveno em Sade Ocupacional no mbito da vigilncia ambiental e da vigilncia da sade, com o intuito de diminuir a prevalncia das infeces fngicas. Para a prossecuo desse objectivo, sugere-se a implementao de medidas preventivas, nomeadamente: o controlo da contaminao fngica das superfcies mediante procedimentos de lavagem e desinfeco eficazes, de modo a minimizar a contaminao fngica das superfcies; a identificao precoce da infeco atravs da realizao de colheitas biolgicas peridicas aos trabalhadores, inseridas num protocolo de vigilncia da sade; e, ainda, a sensibilizao para a aplicao de medidas de higiene pessoal e o tratamento das patologias. A aplicao do mtodo criado para estabelecer um padro de exposio profissional a fungos nas superfcies servir no s para a estimao do risco de infeco fngica dos trabalhadores de ginsios com piscinas, mas tambm para facilitar o estabelecimento de valores fngicos de referncia, a implementao de medidas correctivas adequadas e imediatas e, ainda, a preveno de infeces fngicas, no s nos ginsios com piscina, mas tambm noutros contextos profissionais. ------------ SUMMARY - Gyms with swimming pools workers have higher prevalence of fungal injuries, such as Tinea pedis and onychomycosis. This is due to their work intrinsic characteristics, since they have more hours per day of exposure to surfaces fungal contamination. This occurs not only because they attend sites most likely to be contaminated, such as showers, changing rooms and pool surrounding area, but also because some of the activities are done barefoot. Furthermore, synthetic clothing and occluded footwear use, which retain the excessive sweating, promotes fungal development. The aim of this study was to know gymnasiums with swimming pool workers infection and/or injury (Tinea pedis and onychomycosis) risk, and its possible relationship with exposure to workplace fungal contamination (air and surfaces). This study describes environmental and biological variables that influence infection and/or fungal injury in a professional setting and explored possible associations between these variables. Differences in surfaces fungal contamination between the two main seasons (summer and winter), as well between before and after cleaning and disinfection were known. It was developed a study with an cross-sectional perspective, that aimed to describe the biological and environmental phenomena of fungal contamination in a professional environment and explore possible associations between variables; an longitudinal perspective in which were known surfaces fungal contamination seasonal differences; and also with an almost experimental perspective that analyzed surfaces fungal distribution before and after cleaning and disinfection. The cross-sectional perspective comprised 10 gyms with swimming pool sample, and another sample of, at least, 10 professionals in each establishment totalling 124 workers (75 men 60,48%, and 49 women 39,52%). Were performed 258 biological samples at workers feet, environmental fungal contamination evaluation from the establishments through 50 air samples and 120 surfaces samples (60 before and 60 after cleaning and disinfection) and conducted their laboratory processing and fungal identification. Were also evaluated environmental variables, such as temperature, relative humidity and air velocity completed 10 observation grids, in order to obtain data about variables that affect occupational exposure to fungal species, and also completed 124 observation grids inherent to biological material collection, in order to know the professionals with injury and other relevant information for laboratory analysis. All 124 workers answered to a questionnaire at the same time that occur biological samples collection, in order to xxv obtain information about some of the individual and professional variables with relevance to this study. In one of the establishments were also studied differences concerning surfaces fungal contamination between before and after cleaning and disinfection, and also between two main seasons (summer and winter). In this setting, there were performed 36 surfaces samples before and 36 surfaces samples after cleaning and disinfection on 6 different week days for 6 sequential weeks in each season, totalling 72 surfaces samples. It was also created and implemented a method to establish a pattern for surfaces fungal occupational exposure, in order to help define semi-quantitative levels estimation to fungal infection risk in gyms with swimming pools workers. For Gravity criterion it was considered that contamination severity and, thus, the possible injury are closely related to implicate fungal species. Was calculated fungal contamination average by each establishment prior cleaning and disinfection, in order to establish Frequency levels. Regarding Exposure, were established weekly hours group intervals spent in professional activity. From the 124 professionals tested, 58 (46,8%) had visible injuries. In the 58 workers, Yeasts were the most isolated (41,4%), followed by Dermatophytes (24,1%) and Other Filamentous Fungi Besides Dermatophytes (6,9%). Candida parapsilosis and Rhodotorula sp. were the most frequently isolated Yeasts (20,2% for each), from Dermatophytes, Trichophyton rubrum was the most frequently isolated species (55,5%) and from Other Filamentous Fungi Besides Dermatophytes, Penicillium sp. was the most frequent (15,6%), followed by Fusarium genera (12,5%). Regarding surfaces fungal contamination, 37 filamentous fungi were isolated. Fusarium genera was the most frequent, before and after cleaning and disinfection (19,1% - 17,2%). Considering yeasts, 12 different yeasts were identified, being Cryptococcus (40,6%) and Candida (49,3%) genera the more frequent before and after cleaning and disinfection, respectively. In relation to air fungal contamination, 25 different filamentous fungi were identified and the 3 most frequently isolated genera were Cladosporium (36,6%), Penicillium (19,0%) and Aspergillus (10,2%). For yeasts, were identified Rhodotorula genera (87,5%), and also the species Trichosporon mucoides and Cryptococcus unigutulattus (12,5%). Was found association with 5% significance level, between visible injury and weekly hours and between visible injury and occupation time, confirming exposure duration influence to risk factor (work environment fungal contamination) for the visible injury presence in exposed workers (Tinea pedis and onychomycosis), being confirmed the relation between the study exposure risk - occupational exposure to fungi - with health effects. xxvi Environmental variables evaluated (temperature, relative humidity and air velocity) did not affect air and surfaces fungal contamination and wasnt found no statistically significant relation (p>0,05). However, there was evidence that occupants number influence surfaces colony forming units mean per square meter before cleaning and disinfection. There was no correlation between quantitative data from air fungal contamination and surfaces fungal contamination from the 10 establishments monitored. However, there were significant differences with 10% significance level, between surfaces and air fungal contamination (p<0,1), and despite 50% of the lowest rates were higher in air fungal contamination, it was found that surfaces fungal contamination had more quantitative variability. Regarding differences from the 10 establishments surfaces fungal contamination, between before and after cleaning and disinfection, there was only a significant reduction (p<0,05) in fungal contamination after cleaning and disinfection in male changing rooms for yeasts. In the selected establishment, it was found that relation between fungal contamination and temperature and relative humidity was not significant (p>0,05) in both seasons, and also there wasnt no influence observed from occupants in surfaces colony forming units mean per square meters before cleaning and disinfection in both seasons. In almost all situations where significant differences between the two seasons were shown, there was a colony-forming units per square meter increase in winter. There was an exception in total colony forming units per square meter before cleaning and disinfection in male changing rooms exception, where there was an increase in summer. Furthermore, was found that only occur a reduction in fungal contamination after cleaning and disinfection, on access stairs in winter, as well as in male changing rooms in summer. With application from the method to establish pattern for surfaces fungal occupational exposure, it was obtained, in the 10 establishments, 65 sites with Low Risk Level (54,2%), 23 sites with Average Risk Level (19,2%) and 32 sites with High Risk Level (26,6%). Near swimming pool and jacuzzi were the places with more High Risk Level classifications. In the selected establishment, was found that in the summer, after cleaning and disinfection, there were a greater number of sites classified as High Risk Level, and in winter it was found the opposite situation, being noted more places with High Risk Level before cleaning and disinfection. Next to swimming pool and access stairs to swimming pool and jacuzzi were the places with more High Risk Level classifications in Summer and Winter. Were isolated common fungi in surfaces and in workers. Prior to cleaning and disinfection 30,3% of fungi were isolated on surfaces and workers, and after 45,5% of fungi were also xxvii commonly isolated. The Yeasts were the most commonly isolated and the most frequent before and after surfaces cleaning and disinfection, and also in workers biological samples, were Rhodotorula genera and Candida parapsilosis, allowing confirming that workers fungal infection is related with surfaces fungal contamination. It was concluded that Occupational Health intervention it is necessary, in environmental monitoring and health surveillance perspective, in order to reduce fungal infections prevalence. To achieve this objective, preventive measures implementation its recommended, including: surfaces fungal contamination control, through effective cleaning and disinfecting in order to minimize surfaces fungal contamination; early infection identification by performing periodic biological sampling from workers, included in a health surveillance protocol; and also personal hygiene and diseases treatment awareness. Application of the created method to establish pattern for surfaces fungal occupational exposure, will be useful not only for estimating workers from gymnasiums with swimming pools fungal infection risk, but also to facilitate fungal reference values stipulation, effective and corrective measures implementation, and also, fungal infections prevention, not only in gymnasiums with swimming pool, but also in other professional settings.----------------- RSUM - Les travailleurs des gymnases avec des piscines prsentent souvent des infections fongiques, telles que Tinea pedis et aussi des onychomycoses, dues leur activit professionnel, parce quils restent plus longtemps tout prs des surfaces avec une certaine contamination fongique. Toute cette situation est due non seulement parce quils sont ceux qui frquentent plus souvent les places plus contamines: des balnaires, des vestiaires et des zones autour des piscines, mais aussi ils ralisent des activits aux pieds nus ou avec des chaussures trs ferms et encore quelques fois avec des vtements synthtiques. Tout cela emmne une grande sudation ce qui aidera au dveloppement fongique. Un objective de ce travaille a t connatre le risque dinfection et/ou prsence de lsion (Tinea pedis et des onychomycoses) dans les travailleurs des gymnases avec des piscines et leur ventuel rapport avec lexposition la contamination fongique (de lair et des surfaces) dans leurs locaux de travaille. On a dcrit aussi des variables denvironnement et biologiques qui ont une certaine influence dans les infections fongiques dans tout lenvironnement professionnel et aussi approfondir des ventuels associations entre ces mme variables. On a encore reconnu des diffrences de la contamination fongique avant et aprs des lavages et dsinfection de ces surfaces. Aussi on a trouv des diffrences de contamination en t et en Hiver. Cet tude a un composante transversale, en visant la description des phnomnes de contamination fongique biologique et de l'environnement dans un environnement professionnel et ltude des associations possibles entre les variables; une composante longitudinale dans laquelle ils taient connus comme des variations saisonnires de la contamination fongique des surfaces, et mme; un quasi-composante exprimentale, o elle a examin la rpartition des champignons surfaces avant et aprs le lavage et la dsinfection. Dans la composante transversale on t considrs 1 chantillons de 10 gymnases avec des piscines et un autre chantillon de au moins 10 professionnels de chaque tablissement dans un total 124 travailleurs (75 hommes - 60,48% et 49 femmes - 39,52%). On a ralis 258 prlvements aux pieds des travailleurs et on a effectu en simultan la validation par contamination fongique de lenvironnement par 50 prlvements de lair et par 120 prlvements de surfaces (60 avant et 60 aprs des lavages et des dsinfections) et on a effectu leur traitement en laboratoire et lidentification fongique. On a fait aussi lvaluation des variables de lenvironnement, la temprature, lhumidit relative et la vitesse de lair. On a remplie 10 tableaux xxix dobservation, avec lobjective dobtenir des informations sur les variables quinfluenceront lexposition occupationnel aux souches fongiques, et encore 124 tableaux dobservation lie au prlvement du matriel biologique, pour raliser le registre des professionnels avec des lsions et des autres informations pertinentes pour une analyse laboratoire. Tous ces 124 travailleurs ont rempli un questionnaire au mme temps que les prlvements biologiques, afin de connatre quelques variables individuels et professionnels importants pour cet tude. Dans un des tablissements on a aussi tudi les diffrences fongiques des surfaces parmi avant et aprs les lavages et de la dsinfection et encore parmi lt et lHiver. Dans ce mme tablissement on a ralis 36 prlvements des surfaces avant et 36 aprs des lavages et de la dsinfection, pendant 6 jours diffrents de la semaine, pendant 6 semaines en chaque saison de lanne, dans un total de 72 prlvements des surfaces. On a encore cri et appliqu une mthode pour tablir un standard dexposition professionnelle au fungi sur les surfaces, afin de permettre la dfinition des niveaux semi quantitative destimation des risques dinfection fongique des travailleurs des gymnases avec des piscines. Pour le critre de Gravit, il a t considr que la gravit de la contamination, et donc les possibles dommages, est troitement lie aux espces fongiques impliques. Nous avons calcul la moyenne de la contamination fongique par chaque tablissement avant le lavage et la dsinfection afin d'tablir les niveaux de Frquence et, par rapport l'Exposition, ont t cres pour regrouper les intervalles d'heures hebdomadaires consacres l'activit professionnelle en question. Sur les 124 travailleurs qui ont particip l'tude, 58 (46,8%) avaient des lsions visibles. Parmi ces 58, les Levures ont t les plus isoles (41,4%), suivis par des Dermatophytes (24,1%) et des Filamenteux Non Dermatophytes (6,9%). Candida parapsilosis and Rhodotorula sp. ont t les Levures les plus frquemment isoles (20,2%); dans le cas des Dermatophytes, Trichophyton rubrum est le plus frquent (55,5%) et pour les Filamenteux Non Dermatophytes, Penicillium sp. a t le plus isol (15,6%), suivi par Fusarium sp. (12,5%). En ce qui concerne la contamination fongique des surfaces, 37 champignons filamenteux ont t isols. Le genre Fusarium est le plus frquent avant et aprs le lavage et la dsinfection (19,1% - 17,2%). Pour la levure, 12 levures diffrentes ont t identifies, ayant t Cryptococcus sp. (40,6%) et Candida sp. (49,3%) les plus frquents avant et aprs le lavage et la dsinfection, respectivement. En ce qui concerne la contamination fongique de l'air, on a identifi 25 diffrents champignons filamenteux, o les 3 genres les plus frquemment isols taient Cladosporium (36,6%), Penicillium (19,0%) et Aspergillus (10,2%). Pour les levures, il a t identifi le genre xxx Rhodotorula (87,5%) et les espces Trichosporon mucoides et Cryptococcus unigutulattus (12,5%). On a vrifi une association, au niveau de signification de 5%, entre les lsions visibles et les heures hebdomadaires et entre les lsions visibles et la dure doccupation, ce qui confirme l'influence de la dure de l'exposition aux facteurs de risque (contamination fongique dans le milieu de travail) pour la prsence des lsions visibles chez les travailleurs exposs (Tinea pedis et onychomycose), en dmontrant une relation entre l'exposition au facteur de risque dans ces tudes - l'exposition professionnelle aux champignons - avec les effets sur la sant. Les variables environnementales valu (temprature, humidit relative et la vitesse de l'air) ne modifient pas la contamination fongique de l'air et des surfaces; donc, n'a pas t dmontr aucune relation statistiquement significative (p>0,05). Cependant, il y a une influence du nombre d'occupants qui ont particip chacun des tablissements en moyenne des units formant colonie par mtre carr sur la surface avant le lavage et la dsinfection. Il n'y avait pas de corrlation entre les rsultats quantitatifs de la contamination fongique de l'air et des surfaces des 10 tablissements surveills, cependant il existe des diffrences importantes, au niveau de signification de 10% entre la contamination fongique des surfaces et de la contamination fongique de l'air (p <0,1), on a constat que malgr 50% des niveaux les plus bas taient plus levs dans la contamination fongique de l'air, la contamination fongique des surfaces prsente une plus grande variabilit quantitativement. En ce qui concerne les diffrences de la contamination fongique des surfaces dans les 10 tablissements entre avant et aprs le lavage et la dsinfection, il y avait seulement une rduction significative (p<0,05) de la contamination fongique aprs le lavage et la dsinfection dans les balnaires et vestiaires pour les hommes par rapport aux levures. Lors de l'tablissement choisi, on a constat que le rapport entre la contamination fongique et la temprature et l'humidit relative n'tait pas significatif (p>0,05) dans les deux saisons et aussi on na pas observ l'influence des occupants en moyenne des units formant colonie par mtres carrs de surfaces avant le lavage et la dsinfection dans les deux saisons de l'anne. Dans presque toutes les situations ou on a vrifi des diffrences significatives entre les deux saisons, il ya eu une augmentation des units formant des colonies par mtre carr en Hiver, l'exception du total des units formant des colonies par mtre carr avant le lavage et dsinfection dans les balnaires et vestiaires des hommes o il y a eu une augmentation en t. On a galement t constat que seulement a eu une rduction de la contamination des xxxi champignons aprs la dsinfection de l'escalier d'accs en Hiver et dans les balnaires et vestiaires des hommes en t. Avec la mthode pour tablir standard dexposition professionnelle au fungi sur les surfaces on a obtenu dans les 10 tablissements, avec le Niveau de Risque Faible de 65 places (54,2%), avec le Niveau de Risque Moyen 23 places (19,2%) et 32 places avec le Niveau de Risque lev (26,6%). Prs du jacuzzi et prs de la piscine sont les lieux avec des plus valuations de Niveau de Risque lev. Lors de l'tablissement choisi, il a t constat que, dans l't, aprs le lavage et la dsinfection, un plus grand nombre de places values comme prsentant un Niveau de Risque lev et en Hiver on a constat la situation inverse avec de nombreux points de Niveau de Risque lev avant le lavage et la dsinfection. A ct de la piscine et les escaliers ont t les lieux avec plus grands classifications de Niveau de Risque lev en t et en Hiver. On a isol, chez les travailleurs, des champignons communs aux isols sur les surfaces. Avant le lavage et la dsinfection, 30,3% des champignons ont t isols sur les travailleurs et sur les surfaces et, aprs ces procdures, 45,5% des champignons ont t isols frquemment. Les levures les plus souvent isoles et les plus frquentes avant et aprs le lavage et la dsinfection des surfaces, et aussi dans les rsultats d'chantillons biologiques prlevs sur les travailleurs, taient du genre Rhodotorula et les espces de Candida parapsilosis, ce qui permet confirmer que l'infection fongique des travailleurs est lie la contamination fongique des surfaces. On a conclu quil est ncessaire l'intervention en Sant Occupationnelle sous la surveillance de l'environnement et sous la surveillance de la sant, afin de rduire la prvalence des infections fongiques. Pour atteindre cet objectif, nous suggrons la mise en oeuvre de mesures prventives, y compris: le contrle de la contamination fongique des surfaces par des mthodes de lavage et de dsinfection afin de minimiser la contamination fongique des surfaces, l'identification prcoce de l'infection avec des prlvements biologiques priodiques, notamment un protocole pour la surveillance de la sant, et aussi la conscience du sens de l'hygine personnelle et le traitement des pathologies. La mthode mise en place pour ltablissement dun standard dexposition professionnelle au fungi sur les surfaces, servira estimer non seulement le risque d'infection fongique des travailleurs dans les gymnases avec des piscines, mais aussi pour faciliter l'tablissement de valeurs de rfrence de champignons, l'application des mesures correctives immdiates et appropries, et aussi la prvention des infections fongiques, non seulement dans les gymnases avec piscine, mais aussi dans d'autres contextes professionnels.
