A Constructivist perspective on EU'S democracy promotion in Turkey

The European Union, as a regional actor and an example of stability and well-being, has embraced a set of principles it has stood for and which constitute its own identity. The diffusion of these values among third countries is one of the objectives of EU’s External Policy. Democracy can be found among the principles that are sought to be exported through comprehensive and complex strategies within different frameworks, such as neighbourhood relations, trade partnerships and the accession process. Focusing on the latter, candidates are object of an intensive process of Europeanisation that operates through different mechanisms like socialisation and conditionality. Turkey, on the other side, has decided to apply for full membership several decades ago and, ever since, it has been pressured to Europeanise, which includes improving its unstable democracy. This case, however, is different from all other previous enlargements; for its special socio-cultural and civilisational features, Turkey constitutes a more complex novelty for the European Union. Therefore, this thesis aims to study the influence of the European Union on the democratisation process of Turkey, focusing on the period ranging between 1999, the year the European Council recognised Turkey’s candidacy status, and 2009 that marks the 10-year period of that condition. It is the intention of this project to assess the impact of the European Union at that level through the study of the democratic evolution of the country and its co-relation with other variables related to the presence or pressure of the EU. As this is a challenging objective, it will require a deep reflection upon central concepts like democracy and democratic consolidation, and a diversified use of methodological techniques, such as statistical analysis and mathematical co-relations, historical analysis, literature review and in-depth interviews. This study will privilege a Constructivist approach, emphasising the social construction of reality and the role of the ideational aspects – identity, perceptions and the broader socio-cultural dimension – in Turkey-EU relations.

A Metodologia da aula-oficina no ensino da História e da Geografia

Este relatório descreve a Prática Pedagógica de Ensino Supervisionada (PES) integrada no Mestrado em Ensino da História e da Geografia 3.º Ciclo do Ensino Básico e no Ensino Secundário, que decorreu na Escola Básica 2/3 Eugénio dos Santos (Lisboa) e na Escola Secundária Miguel Torga (Sintra), no ano letivo de 2013/2014, com uma turma de 7.º ano, duas de 8.º ano e uma de 12.º ano de escolaridade, onde se implementaram estratégias de aprendizagem enquadradas na metodologia da aula-oficina. Pretendeu-se durante este percurso perceber se a metodologia da aula-oficina, enquadrada na teoria construtivista, contribui para a aprendizagem significativa dos alunos. Na primeira parte deste trabalho, é feita uma reflexão teórica sobre a temática, onde se procura contextualizar e fundamentar o tema em análise. Esta obedece à seguinte estrutura: i) definição de aula-oficina e no que consiste; ii) pressupostos teóricos que sustentam esta metodologia, sendo, neste caso, o construtivismo. Na segunda parte são descritas algumas experiências de aprendizagem desenvolvidas, tendo sempre em atenção o tema deste relatório.