Medicago truncatula as a platform for Molecular Farming: a study of the subcellular localization of a human recombinant protein!

Dissertation presented at Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia of Universidade Nova de Lisboa to obtain the Degree of Master in Biotecnology

Transglutaminases de Anopheles gambiae: caracterização molecular, bioquímica e histológica.

A malária é causada por parasitas protozoários do género Plasmodium spp, a sua transmissão aos humanos deve-se à picada infecciosa de mosquitos fêmea do género Anopheles spp, sendo Anopheles gambiae o vector mais eficiente de malária em todo o mundo. O intestino médio do mosquito representa um dos ambientes mais desafiantes à sobrevivência e desenvolvimento do parasita, e é, portanto, também um dos locais mais atraentes para novas estratégias de controlo da malária, pois é onde se observa uma diminuição acentuada na população de parasitas invasores. A transglutaminase (TGM) desempenha um papel importante e diversificado em mamíferos, tais como a coagulação e a formação da barreira epitelial, catalisando o “crosslinking” entre proteínas. Em invertebrados, como Drosophila sp, a proteína TGM mostrou estar envolvida na defesa imunitária. O mosquito A. gambiae tem codificado no seu genoma três TGMs, o gene AGAP009099, já caracterizado, é expresso exclusivamente nas MAGs (glândulas auxiliares masculinas). Os genes AGAP009098 e AGAP009100, cujas funções não foram ainda clarificadas, são expressos ubiquamente e em baixos níveis. No presente trabalho, propõe-se a caracterização das duas proteínas codificadas por estes genes, de forma a identificar o modo como estas proteínas interagem dentro do mosquito, a esclarecer o seu papel na invasão do intestino médio de A. gambiae por Plasmodium spp., o que permitirá averiguar o seu envolvimento ao nível da imunidade inata do mosquito. Foi produzida e purificada a proteína recombinante AgTGM98-1, que se utilizou para a produção de um anticorpo anti-AgTGM98. A atividade de TGM no mosquito não se mostrou estatisticamente significativa entre os estadios larvares, pupas e adultos. A caracterização bioquímica de AgTGM98 e AgTGM100 revelou a possível existência de proteínas do tipo TGM. Através de western blotting, verificou-se uma diminuição de AgTGM98, comparando mosquitos não infetados com infetados por P. berghei, o que sugere alterações na expressão desta proteína face à invasão pelo parasita, o que pode significar o seu envolvimento direto na infeção. Caracterizou-se, por imunohistoquímica (IHC) a localização de AgTGM98 e AgTGM100 em intestinos médios de mosquitos. A proteína AgTGM98 apresentou uma localização membranar, na parte basal do intestino médio e com distribuição ao longo deste. Contrariamente, a AgTGM100 tem uma localização intracelular e uma distribuição presente apenas no proventrículo e zona mais apical do intestino médio durante uma fase da sua existência, sendo com o passar do tempo detectada em todo o intestino médio.

Synthesis of the Piacenzian onshore record between the Aveiro and Setubal parallels (Western portuguese margin)

Onshore, the Piacenzianof the Mondego and Lower Tagus Tertiary basins comprises siliciclastic sediments deposited in shallow marine to continental environments. The outcrops of the deposits are relatively widespread in the Aveiro and Seuibal region. A lithostratigraphic synthesis based on the correlation of geological sections, is presented for the two basins. In general, the Piacenzian sediments display a regressive sucession. The Late Tortonian-Zanclean (?) confined drainage pattern changed at the beginning of Piazencian, to fluvial systems draining to the Atlantic, and capturing the drainage of the inner parts of the Hesperic Meseta. The Piacenzian sedimentary sequence post-dates one of the uprising phases during Neogene compression, recorded by a strong regional unconformity. Some local active faulting - as in Lousa, Rio Maior and Senibal- Pinhal Novo - allowed the local thickening of the sedimentary record. Later compressive tectonism continues to generate reverse faulting and diapiric reactivation, affecting those sediments. Currently, the Piacenzian deposits culminates the marginal piedmonts, widely eroded by the Quaternary fluvial dissection.

Patterns of Associational Life in Western Europe, 1800-2000

Thesis submitted for assessment with a view to obtaining the degree of Doctor of Political and Social Science of the European University Institute

Synthesis of the Piacenzian onshore record between the Aveiro and Setúbal parallels (Western portuguese margin)

Onshore, the Piacenzian of the Mondego and Lower Tagus Tertiary basins comprises siliciclastic sediments deposited in shallow marine to continental environments. The outcrops of the deposits are relatively widespread in the Aveiro and Setúbal region. A lithostratigraphic synthesis based on the correlation of geological sections, is presented for the two basins. In general, the Piacenzian sediments display a regressive sucession. The Late Tortonian-Zanclean (?) confined drainage pattern changed at the beginning of Piazencian, to fluvial systems draining to the Atlantic, and capturing the drainage of the inner parts of the Hesperic Meseta. The Piacenzian sedimentary sequence post-dates one of the uprising phases during Neogene compression, recorded by a strong regional unconformity. Some local active faulting - as in Lousa, Rio Maior and Senibal- Pinhal Novo - allowed the local thickening of the sedimentary record. Later compressive tectonism continues to generate reverse faulting and diapiric reactivation, affecting those sediments. Currently, the Piacenzian deposits culminates the marginal piedmonts, widely eroded by the Quaternary fluvial dissection.

Paleoclimatic correlations between Western european continental and marine areas Contribution of big villafranchian fauna

It is very difficult to make paleoclimatic correlations between continental and marine areas, but it is possible with biostratigraphic data. Reliable correlations can be made only between broad periods: between 3.5 and 3 Ma, around 2.4 Ma, until 1.6 Ma and after 1.6 Ma. The arid Mediterranean phases led to the disappearance of the European Villafranchian fauna (1.0 Ma).

Evolution of Iberia during the Cenozoic with special emphasis on the formation of the Betic Cordillera and its relation with the western Mediterranean

The extensional process affecting Iberia during the Triassic and Jurassic times change from the end of the Cretaceous and, throughout the Palaeocene, the displacement between the African and European plates was clearly convergent and part of the future Internal Zone of the Betic Cordillera was affected. To the west, the Atlantic continued to open as a passive margin and, to the north, no significant deformation occurred. During the Eocene, the entire Iberian plate was subjected to compression. which caused major deformations in the Pyrenees and also in the Alpujarride and Nevado-Filabride, Internal Betic, complexes. In the Oligocene continued this situation, but in addition, the new extensional process ocurring in the western Mediterranean area, together with the constant eastward drift of Iberia due to Atlantic opening, compressed the eastern sector of Iberia, giving rise to the structuring of the Iberian Cordillera. The Neogene was the time when the Betic Cordillera reached its fundamental features with the westward displacement of the Betic-Rif Internal Zone, expelled by the progressive opening of the Algerian Basin, opening prolonged till the Alboran Sea. From the late Miocene onwards, all Iberia was affected by a N-S to NNW-SSE compression, combined in many points by a near perpendicular extension. Specially in eastern and southern Iberia a radial extension superposed these compression and extension.

Fossil fuel dependence and interfuel substitution in the electricity sector of Western European countries between 1990-2011

A Work Project, presented as part of the requirements for the Award of a Masters Degree in Economics from the NOVA – School of Business and Economics