4 resultados para Uterus - anatomy
Resumo:
RESUMO Os trabalhos de investigao, conducentes elaborao do presente estudo morfofuncional, subordinado ao tema da "VASCULARIZAO ARTERIAL DO TERO",fundamenta-se em conceitos da anatomia descritiva clssica, complementados por tcnicas de estudo mais modernas, permitindo-nos observaes originais. O principal objectivo de definir um padro descritivo da vascularizao uterina e de estabelecer uma correlao anatomo-fisiolgica e anatomo-clnica na descrio da angiomorfologia uterina, actualizando as descries clssicas da artria com dados de observao originais, segundo as tcnicas de estudo angiomorfolgicas correntemente empregues no Departamento de Anatomia da Faculdade de Cincias Mdicas da Universidade Nova de Lisboa. Correlacionam-se as observaes com os mais recentes dados publicados, no mbito da imuno-histoqumica e da moderna bioqumica endocrinolgica, uma vez que os conceitos modernos de fisiologia uterina e ginecolgica praticamente dominam a vasta literatura cientfica mundial. Como objectivos particulares, ou linhas orientadoras da tese, escolhemos: - A definio de parmetros descritivos do padro genrico da vascularizao uterina, actualizando a nomenclatura descritiva de acordo com a moderna Nomina Anatomica mundialmente debatida, desde o XIV Congresso Internacional da Federao Internacional das Associaes de Anatomistas, sob a presidncia do Prof. Doutor J.A. Esperana Pina (1994) e publicada em 1999-2001. - A comparao do caso humano com o do animal de experincia, por observao meticulosa do maior nmero de casos possveis, realizando um estudo comparativo que nos permita extrapolar dados de experimentao animal para o caso humano; - O estabelecimento de uma correlao anatomo-fisiolgica, por anlise do comportamento da vascularizao uterina, ao longo da vida, desde o nascimento at menopausa, e perante as influncias hormonais a que se encontra exposta. A tese constri-se em torno de trs ncleos fundamentais: 1. Um captulo introdutrio, de contextualizao terica, por enquadramento histrico dos estudos dos rgos genitais femininos e da evoluo das tcnicas de diagnstico e teraputica do tero, focando as primeiras referncias tcnica da histerotomia (Cesariana) (com a lenda persa do nascimento do heri Rostam, ou do nascimento do deus Asclepius), as primeiras representaes da vascularizao uterina (por LEONARDO e iii VESLIO), ou as primeiras descries anatmicas do tero, da autoria de Portugueses (RODRIGO DE CASTRO, 1516 e AMATO LUSITANO, 1551). Prossegue a contextualizao terica com breve referncia recente evoluo das tcnicas de diagnstico e teraputica dos fibromiomas uterinos, mencionando de modo particular a evoluo das tcnicas de embolizao arterial uterina, por nos parecer corresponder a um campo de aplicao imediata dos estudos da vascularizao do tero. Termina este captulo com breve referncia aos trabalhos do Prof. Doutor J. MARTINS PISCO que tem actualmente, no nosso Pas uma das mais extensas listas de trabalhos efectuados com sucesso a nvel mundial, no campo da embolizao arterial de fibromiomas uterinos. 2. O segundo ncleo fundamental, intitulado "Angiomorfologia uterina" corresponde a extensa reviso bibliogrfica dos estudos descritivos da vascularizao uterina, desde logo ilustrando a resenha terica com algumas imagens fotogrficas de teros humanos, seleccionadas da nossa coleco. A descrio da vascularizao uterina, fundamentada em 1500 citaes bibliogrficas, organiza-se, de acordo com o paralelismo entre a estratificao histolgica e angiolgica do rgo, e a hierarquia funcional, regulada pelas cclicas variaes hormonais. Descreve-se a camada serosa e correspondente vascularizao; a camada muscular e vascularizao do miomtrio; e, por fim, a camada mucosa e os vasos endometriais. Verifica-se, perante os dados colhidos da literatura mundial, o interesse do aprofundamento dos estudos morfolgicos da microvascularizao endometrial e da adaptao das descries aos resultados dos modernos estudos funcionais obtidos por tcnicas da imuno-histoqumica. 3. Fundamentados nos dados colhidos das revises bibliogrficas, elabormos um projecto de investigao original, visando o estabelecimento da relao morfo-funcional resultante do aprofundamento dos estudos descritivos da angiomorfologia e da microvascularizao do tero. O captulo de trabalho experimental organiza-se em trs principais passos: No captulo de Materiais e mtodos, procede-se escolha, por um lado do animal de experincia mais adequado para os estudos da vascularizao uterina (por estudo comparativo ao longo da escala animal) e, por outro lado, escolha de trs das tcnicas disponveis no Laboratrio de Anatomia Experimental e aplicveis investigao angiomorfolgica do tero; iv - No captulo de Resultados, procedemos exposio das nossas observaes de 25 teros humanos e de 154 teros de animais de experincia, segundo as trs tcnicas seleccionadas (disseco, Injeco-corroso-fluorescncia, Injeco-diafanizao e injeco-corroso paraobservao de moldes vasculares em microscopia electrnica de varrimento), organizando aseleco da vasta iconografia coleccionada em trs novos subcaptulos: o tero humano, otero do animal de experincia e um estudo comparativo, essencial para validar osresultados do trabalho experimental. - O captulo de trabalho experimental, inteiramente efectuado por estudos na artria uterina do rato Wistar, abrange primeiramente a tentativa de definio macroscpica de territrios de vascularizao, seguido das observaes microscpicas conducentes definio dos parmetros angiomorfolgicos caractersticos de cada uma das etapas da grande variabilidade a que se sujeita a vascularizao uterina, ao longo da vida, incluindo a infncia, a gravidez, a paridade e o envelhecimento, e consoante as fases do ciclo hormonal ovrico. Aperfeiomos essa tarefa com a elaborao de trs experincias distintas, para anlise dos efeitos microvasculares uterinos da administrao exgena de preparados comerciais hormonais, por observao em microscopia electrnica de varrimento. De acordo com as leituras da literatura clssica sobre a metodologia do trabalho cientfico, completamos os trabalhos por um captulo de sntese e critica dos resultados, sequencialmente organizado consoante cada um dos passos experimentais atrs referidos. SUMMARY The aim of the present thesis is the description of the uterine arterial network, complementing the classical concepts of descriptive Anatomy with modern techniques of anatomical research, thus achieving original final results and observations. One of the main objectives of the research is to establish physiological and clinical correlations in the description of the uterine angiomorphology, with the techniques currently available for angiomorphological research in the Department of Anatomy of Faculty of Medical Sciences of the New University of Lisbon. As guidelines to our research, we established the following specific objectives: - defining the descriptive parameters of the standard pattern of the uterine vasculature, according to the modern Nomina Anatomica, as underlined in the latest Federative Congresses of the International Federation of the Associations of Anatomists, one of which took place in Lisbon, in 1994, under the presidency of Professor J.A. Esperana Pina, the supervisor of the present works; - comparing the human uterus with the uterus of the experimental animal, to extrapolate the experimental observations in animals to the particular case of the human uterus; - establishing a correlation between the physiology and the anatomical observations of the uterine vasculature throughout life, from childhood to menopause and in relation to the hormonal influences to which the uterus is exposed. The thesis is built around three main chapters: 1) The introduction chapter defines the historical framework of the studies of the female genital anatomy and the historical evolution of the clinical management of common uterine diseases, focusing on the first historical references to the Caesarean section (such as the Persian legend of the birth of the hero ROSTAM, or that of the birth of ASCLEPIUS, the Greek god of Medicine); the first depictions of the uterine vasculature (by LEONARDO and VESALIUS) or the first anatomical descriptions of the uterus, by Portuguese authors (RODRIGO DE CASTRO, 1517, or AMATUS LUSITANUS, 1551). The theoretical context proceeds, with reference to the recent evolution of the clinical and surgical management of uterine fibroids, and a particular mention to the modern techniques of Uterine Fibroid Embolisation, which corresponds to one of the fields of interest of the anatomic studies of uterine arterial vascularization. 2) The second chapter, devoted to the anatomical description of the Uterine Angiomorphology, is based on an extensive review of the available Medical literature,illustrated by a selection of our own research observations of the human uterine vasculature. The description is organized in view of the parallelism between histological and angiological stratification and the functional hierarchy, under the control of the cyclic hormonal variations. Each layer of the uterine wall is depicted with photographs of the human uterus and descriptions of its specific vascular network: the serosa, the muscular Myometrium, and the mucosa, or endometrium. This classical description, based on extensive quotations of the international scientific literature, enhances our interest for the research of a more detailed knowledge of the endometrial microvascular network, accordingly to the modern physiologic results obtained through immunohistochemical studies. 3) The results of our experimental research, aiming to establish the intimate relationship between the anatomical and functional studies of uterine vasculature, are organized in three main steps: - The chapter of Materials and Methods debates the choice of the experimental animal, based on a short review of the comparative anatomy of the uterus, and uterine physiology, throughout the animal scale. The selection of three fundamental techniques of anatomic research is made from the current variety available in the Laboratory of Experimental Anatomy of the Lisbon School of Medical Sciences. - The Results of our personal research and observations of 25 human and 154 animal uteri,after dissection, and the techniques of arterial injection for the preparation of fluorescent corrosion casts, of vascular injection and clearing, and of arterial injection and preparation of corrosion casts for Scanning Electron Microscopy are rganized in terms of human or animal macroscopic anatomy and microvascular network, followed by a summary of the comparative anatomy of human and rat uteri, which is essential to validate the resultant experimental observations of the rat endometrial microvasculature. - The experimental research is entirely devoted to the uterine artery of the Wistar rat. The first step consists of the attempt to define macroscopic territories of vascularization, followed by microscopic observations for the definition of the angiomorphological pattern that is characteristic of each stage of the extreme variations to which the uterus is subject throughout life, from childhood to sexual maturity, throughout the hormonal cycle, in pregnancy, according to parity, and through ageing. We complete these observations with the experimental exposure of the Wistar rat uterus to pharmacologic preparations of hormones, currently available in clinical practice, and observations of the vascular uterine changes in Scanning Electron Microscopy. The outcome results of our anatomical observations are followed by a critical synthesis of the results.
Resumo:
Dissertao apresentada na Faculdade de Cincias e Engenharia da Universidade Nova de Lisboa para obteno do grau de Mestre em Engenharia Electrotcnica e de Computadores
Resumo:
ABSTRACT Background: According to the Report on Carcinogens, formaldehyde ranks 25th in the overall U.S. chemical production, with more than 5 million tons produced each year. Given its economic importance and widespread use, many people are exposed to formaldehyde environmentally and/or occupationally. Presently, the International Agency for Research on Cancer classifies formaldehyde as carcinogenic to humans (Group 1), based on sufficient evidence in humans and in experimental animals. Manyfold in vitro studies clearly indicated that formaldehyde can induce genotoxic effects in proliferating cultured mammalian cells. Furthermore, some in vivo studies have found changes in epithelial cells and in peripheral blood lymphocytes related to formaldehyde exposure. Methods: A study was carried out in Portugal, using 80 workers occupationally exposed to formaldehyde vapours: 30 workers from formaldehyde and formaldehyde-based resins production factory and 50 from 10 pathology and anatomy laboratories. A control group of 85 non-exposed subjects was considered. Exposure assessment was performed by applying simultaneously two techniques of air monitoring: NIOSH Method 2541 and Photo Ionization Detection equipment with simultaneously video recording. Evaluation of genotoxic effects was performed by application of micronucleus test in exfoliated epithelial cells from buccal mucosa and peripheral blood lymphocytes. Results: Time-weighted average concentrations not exceeded the reference value (0.75 ppm) in the two occupational settings studied. Ceiling concentrations, on the other hand, were higher than reference value (0.3 ppm) in both. The frequency of micronucleus in peripheral blood lymphocytes and in epithelial cells was significantly higher in both exposed groups than in the control group (p < 0.001). Moreover, the frequency of micronucleus in peripheral blood lymphocytes was significantly higher in the laboratories group than in the factory workers (p < 0.05). A moderate positive correlation was found between duration of occupational exposure to formaldehyde (years of exposure) and micronucleus frequency in peripheral blood lymphocytes (r = 0.401; p < 0.001) and in epithelial cells (r = 0.209; p < 0.01). Conclusions: The population studied is exposed to high peak concentrations of formaldehyde with a long-term exposure. These two aspects, cumulatively, can be the cause of the observed genotoxic endpoint effects. The association of these cytogenetic effects with formaldehyde exposure gives important information to risk assessment process and may also be used to assess health risks for exposed worker
Resumo:
This paper analyses the Portuguese stock market since it reopened in 1977, with a special focus on the evolution of the statistic and stochastic characteristics of the market return throughout this 36 year period. The market return for the period of time between 1977 and 2012 (September 28th) is estimated and then compared with the return that would have been achieved with Government bonds and treasury bills, which allows us to confirm that the hierarchy of return / risk across the different financial instruments is verified. The market risk premium for this 36 year period is also estimated and a comparison with other markets is performed, suggesting that the Portuguese markets risk has not been compensated by an adequate return. The study also examines the evolution of the Portuguese markets volatility in the 1977-2012 period and compares it with other markets, showing the existence of extremely high peaks during the first 11 years, but indicating a downwards trend throughout the whole period under analysis. Finally, the correlation between market returns for Portugal and for other countries and the degree of integration are estimated and their evolution throughout time is assessed, leading to the conclusion that the performance of the Portuguese stock market has become increasingly correlated with major European markets correlation with some markets close to 0.70 from 2000 onwards-, but that country-specific risk factors are still relevant.
