A marketing plan for the ice cream brand Max Adventures in food service

A Work Project, presented as part of the requirements for the Award of a Masters Degree in Management from the NOVA – School of Business and Economics

Rinometria acústica: valores de referência numa população de estudantes universitários

RESUMO: A permeabilidade nasal (nasal patency) é um conceito importante na avaliação da função nasal. Pode ser explicado como uma medida do quanto a cavidade nasal está “aberta” e é determinada por fatores dependentes da sua estrutura anatómica que se relacionam com o fluxo e a resistência nasais e a existência de um fenómeno denominado ciclo nasal. Tradicionalmente, a avaliação da permeabilidade nasal baseia-se em indicadores subjetivos, nomeadamente Escalas Visuais Analógicas ou Scores de Sintomas, embora a sensação subjetiva de obstrução nasal seja difícil de quantificar e frequentemente não se correlacione com métodos mais objetivos de avaliação. A Rinometria Acústica (RA) tem adquirido um papel cada vez mais relevante na avaliação das alterações da permeabilidade nasal, pelo seu carácter não-invasivo, rápido, de fácil execução e por ser bem tolerada pelos pacientes. Contudo, não foram ainda publicados valores de referência para a população normal. Com o presente trabalho pretendeu-se determinar áreas transversais (AT) e volumes (Vol) da cavidade nasal em adultos saudáveis através de RA, em condições basais e após a administração de um fármaco descongestionante tópico nasal, relacionando estes parâmetros com variáveis demográficas e antropométricas. MATERIAL E MÉTODOS: O estudo foi realizado em 32 adultos jovens, de ambos os sexos (18 mulheres e 14 homens), com idade igual ou superior a 18 anos, não fumadores, sem patologias crónicas ou infeção recente das vias aéreas superiores. Para a execução do exame de RA foi utilizado o equipamento SRE2000 com Software RhinoScan Interacoustics, Dinamarca). O rinograma foi analisado em condições basais e após descongestionamento até aos 5 cm de distância da narina, obtendo-se os valores médios entre cavidade nasal direita e esquerda das áreas transversais (AT) dos entalhes registados (AT1 e AT2), a sua localização e volumes nasais a diferentes distâncias (Vol.0-2; Vol.2-5 e Vol.0-5). RESULTADOS: Os indivíduos do género masculino apresentaram valores significativamente superiores aos do género feminino em todos os parâmetros estudados. A administração do fármaco descongestionante tópico nasal provocou um aumento generalizado das AT e volumes nasais, traduzindo uma diminuição da congestão da mucosa nasal, mais acentuada posteriormente ao nível dos cornetos. A comparação entre fossas nasais (direita versus esquerda) após descongestionamento, eliminando o efeito do ciclo nasal, revelou simetria significativa. De uma forma geral, os parâmetros rinométricos estudados revelaram correlação positiva significativa com a altura. CONCLUSÃO: O estudo foi pioneiro para a população portuguesa e representa uma contribuição para a obtenção de valores de referência em adultos jovens. Estudos futuros em amostras de maior dimensão e representatividade são necessários para a obtenção de valores de referência com utilidade clínica e em investigação.--------------ABSTRACT: Nasal patency is an important concept in the evaluation of nasal function. It may be explained as a measure of how open the nasal cavity is, and it depends of anatomical aspects, that relate to nasal airflow, resistance and nasal cycle. Nasal patency evaluation is based in subjective indicators like visual analogical scales or symptom scores, but subjective sensation of nasal obstruction is difficult to quantify and usually doesn’t correlate with more objective methods of evaluation. Acoustic rhinometry has gained an increasingly relevant role in assessing changes in nasal patency, because it is noninvasive, fast and easy to perform and well tolerated by patients However, reference values for the normal population have not yet been published. The aim of the present study was to determine nasal cross-sectional areas and volumes in healthy adults by acoustic rhinometry, before and after administration of a topical nasal decongestant drug, correlating these parameters with demographic and anthropometric variables. MATERIAL E METHODS: The study was performed in 32 young adults (18 females and 14 males), aged 18 years old or more, non-smokers, without chronic diseases or recent airway infection. Acoustic rhinometry evaluation was performed using SRE2000 with RhinoScan software (Interacoustics, Denmark). Nasal cavities were assessed up to 5 cm distance from the nostril, before and after administration of the topical nasal decongestant drug, and mean cross-sectional areas of the notches, their location and mean volumes at different distances from nostril were measured. RESULTS: Males presented significant higher values than females for all rhinometric parameters studied. The decongestant drug, significantly increased all the rhinometric parameters evaluated, in particular those corresponding to the more posterior regions. Comparison between nasal cavities after nasal decongestion showed no significant asymmetry. Globally,a positive correlation was found between rhinometric parameters and height . CONCLUSION: This study was pioneer in the Portuguese population and represents a contribution to acoustic rhinometry reference values in young adults . Further studies, on larger and representative samples, are necessary in order to obtain reference values, useful both to clinical and research applications of this technique.

Isolation and encapsulation of a natural colourant using green technologies

The use of natural pigments instead of synthetic colourants is receiving growing interest in the food industry. In this field, cactus pears (Opuntia spp.) have been identified to be a promising betalainic crops covering a wide coloured spectrum. The aim of this work was to develop adequate clean and mild methodologies for the isolation and encapsulation of betacyanins, from cactus pear fruits (Opuntia spp.). Firstly, two different emerging technologies, namely PLE (Pressurized Liquid Extraction) and HPCDAE (High Pressure Carbon Dioxide-Assisted Extraction), were exploited to isolation of betacyanins form cactus pear fruits. Different process conditions were tested for the maximum recovery of betacyanins. Results showed that highest extraction yields were achieved for HPCDAE and mass ratio of pressurized carbon dioxide vs. acidified water was the parameter that most affected the betacyanins extraction. At optimum conditions of HPCDAE, Opuntia spp. extract presented a total betacyanin content of 211 ± 10 mg/100 g whereas extracts obtained using conventional extraction, PLE in static and in dynamic mode presented a total betacyanin content of 85 ± 3, 191 ± 2 and 153 ± 5 mg/100 g, respectively. HPCDAE has proven to be a successful technology to extract betacyanins from Opuntia spp. fruits. Afterward, Supercritical Fluid Technology was exploited to develop lipidic particles of betalain-rich extract. A betacyanin-rich conventional extract was encapsulated by PGSS® (Particles from Gas Saturated Solutions) technique. Different process conditions were tested in order to model the encapsulation of betacyanins. The pressure had a negative effect on betacyanin encapsulation. Lower pressures leads to an increase in the betacyanin encapsulation. This effect was more pronounced at higher temperatures and lower equilibrium time. At these conditions, Opuntia spp. particles presented 64.4 ± 4.5 mg/100 g and high antioxidant capacity. When compared with the Opuntia spp. dried extract, lipidic particles contributed to a better homogenization of the pink colour after incorporation in ice cream.

Santini ice creams: Co-Owning a tradition

The case studies the potential partnership between a small family business, rich in tradition, that sells ice cream in the Lisbon area and a recognized Portuguese family who runs a multinational business. The aim of this study is to address students to analyze the evolution of the small company by using the Agency and Resource-Based Theories and to outline a potentially successful co-ownership structure if the agreement were to take place. The particularity of the case regards considering and identifying the main Family Business issues to keep in mind when dealing with these types of firms.